问题 问答题 案例分析题

工商业的发展与政治有着密切的关系。阅读材料,回答问题。

材料一

今夫通都(指四通八达的都市)之市肆,十室而九,有为佛而货者,有为巫而货者,有为优倡而货者,有为奇技淫巧而货者,皆不切于民用,一概痛绝之,亦庶几乎救弊之一端也。世儒不察,以工商为末,妄议抑之。夫工固圣王之所欲者(想要的),商又使其愿出于途者(指流通),盖皆本也。

——黄宗羲《明夷待访录·财计三》

材料二

往者,忧世之士亦尝鼓吹工业主义,以挽救时艰,而无效也。则以专制之政毒未除,障碍我工业发展为绝对的关系,明知者当自为之。今兹共和政体成立,喁喁望治之民,可共此运会,建设我新社会,以竞胜争存。而所谓产业革命,今也其时矣。

——《工业建设会发起趣旨》,《南京临时政府公报》,第12号,1912年2月10日

材料三

“一五”计划的基本任务是:(1)集中力量进行苏联帮助设计的以156个建设项目为中心的、由694个大中型建设项目组成的工业建设,从而建立社会主义工业化的初步基础;(2)发展集体所有制的农业生产合作社,以建立对农业和手工业社会主义改造的初步基础;(3)基本上把资本主义工商业分别纳入各种形式的国家资本主义轨道,以建立对私营工商业社会主义改造的基础。

——高德步王珏《世界经济史》

结合材料一和所学知识,简述黄宗羲主张“工商皆本”的背景。

答案

参考答案:

政府长期推行重农抑商的政策,使社会经济的活力受到压抑;明朝中后期商品经济的发展,新的生产关系冲击传统的经济形态(或资本主义萌芽缓慢发展);当时城市中存在着大量“不切于民用”的工商业现象,“世儒”因此主张对工商业一概抑制。

解析:材料前半部分列举了一些“不切于民用”的工商业现象,后半部分指出了部分“世儒”的错误认识。结合所学知识,黄宗羲“工商皆本”思想的出现具有一定的经济基础,即明朝中后期商品经济的发展,而政府长期推行的重农抑商政策压制了经济的发展。

单项选择题 A1/A2型题
填空题

Motivation is "the driving force within individuals that impels them to action." And goals are the sought-after results_____(1) motivated behavior.Motivation can be either positive or negative_____(2) direction. We may feel a driving force toward some object or condition, _____(3) a driving force away from some object or condition. For example, a person may be impelled toward a restaurant to fulfill a need, hunger, and away_____(4) an airplane to fulfill a need of safety. Some psychologists refer to positive drives_____(5) needs, wants or desires,_____(6) negative drives as fears or aversions._____ (7), though negative and positive motivational forces seem to differ dramatically_____(8) terms of physical and sometimes emotional activity, they are basically similar in_____(9) they both serve to initiate and sustain human behavior.____(10) this reason, researchers often refer _____(11) both kinds of drives or motives as needs, wants and desires.Goals, _____(12), can be either positive or negative. A positive goal is one toward_____ (13) behavior is directed and it is often referred to as an approach object. A negative goal is _____(14) from which behavior is directed away and it is sometimes referred to as an avoidance object. Since both approach and avoidance goals can be considered objectives of motivated behavior, most researchers refer to_____(15) types simply as goals. Consider this example. A middle-aged woman may wish to remain_____(16) attractive as possible. Her positive goal is to appear desirable, and_____(17) she may use a perfume advertised to make her irresistible. A negative goal may be to prevent her skin_____(18) aging, and therefore she may buy and use face creams._____(19) the former case, she uses perfume to help her achieve her positive goal — attractiveness; in the____(20) case, she uses face creams to help avoid a negative goal — wrinkled skin.