问题 问答题 简答题

评价亚里士多德教育适应自然的思想和文雅教育思想。

答案

参考答案:

⑴教育适应自然:主要依据他的“灵魂说”中的人性论思想。在亚看来,人的灵魂应当分为三部分:植物灵魂,即人的身体的生理部分;动物灵魂,即人的感觉部分,前两者属于人的灵魂的非理性部分;理性灵魂,即人的理性部分。在这三部分灵魂中,植物灵魂对于动物灵魂来说是低级对高级的关系,而非理性灵魂对于理性灵魂来说也是低级对于高级的关系。灵魂的高级部分可以控制低级的部分,人的理性灵魂是人的各方面发展的主宰。教育应当适应人的灵魂的各个部分,促进人的理性的发展。亚“灵魂说”为其提供了教育适应自然的思想基础。①它说明人身上也有一些动物性的东西,不承认这一点是不客观的。②人又是具有理性的,理性是人区别于动物的重要标志,不听从理性的指导,人就会降低为动物,发展人的理性是教育的重要任务。③灵魂的三个组成部分的理论为教育包括体育、德育和智育三方面的内容提供了重要的依据。

⑵文雅教育:也称自由教育,是他教育思想的重要内容之一。①在他看来,人之所以为人的基本特征在于人具有理性。人只有充分运用和发展理性,才能真正实现自我。②文雅教育实施需要两个条件:一是闲暇时间。具有足够闲暇时间,自由人才能专心从事崇高的“沉思”活动,发展和运用自己的理性。二是要有自由学科。只有不具有任何功利目的自由学科,才是自由人应当学习的学科。这些自由学科应包括读、写、算、体操、哲学等。③文雅教育不是进行职业准备,而是以促进人的各种高级能力和理性的发展为目的;文雅教育是以自由学科为主要内容,避免专业化的训练。

单项选择题

Questions from 36 to 40 are based on the following passage: Negotiations work wonders. This is particularly so in international business since it is mostly through negotiations that exporters and importers bridge their differences and reach a fair and mutually satisfactory deal. By presenting a more comprehensive negotiating package in a well planned and organized manner, exporters should be able to improve the effectiveness of their business discussions and in the long term the profitability of their export operations. To avoid being confronted by costly demands, an exporter should try to determine the buyer’s real interest in the products from the outset. This can be ascertained through appropriate questions but must also be based on research and other preparations before the negotiations. Only then can a suitable counter-proposal be presented. To achieve a favorable outcome from the negotiations, an exporter should draw up a plan of action beforehand, which addresses a few key issues. Experienced negotiators consider that as much as 80% of their overall time devoted to negotiations should go to such preparations. The preliminary work should be aimed at obtaining relevant information on the target market and the buyers of the products. It should also include developing counter-proposals if objections are raised on any of the exporter’s opening negotiating points. The preparations should thus involve formulating the negotiating strategy and tactics.In international marketing negotiations, it is advisable for small and medium-sized exporters not just to limit their discussions to pricing issues, although pricing is a key factor in any business transaction, exporters should give more attention to the full range of marketing factors. They should stress the strengths of their firms and products and match them with the perceived needs of the buyers. Once these issues have been covered, they can consider the question of price and are able to develop a profitable business.

In international marketing negotiations,()always come first.

A.prices

B.full range of marketing factors

C.manufacturing costs

D.customers’ needs

填空题