问题 问答题 简答题

德国的中等教育在长期的历史发展中形成了哪几种主要的学校型类?它们是怎样形成的?

答案

参考答案:

德国中等教育的学校类型主要有文科中学、实科中学、文实中学、上层中学与德意志中学等。文科中学在德国中等学校中占有重要地位。它是由宗教改革时期路德派教育家梅兰克吞创立的拉丁中学和斯图谟创办的文法中学演变而来,古典色彩一直甚为浓厚,专门训练王公贵族的子弟。它的任务是为大学输送新生和为政府培养一般的官吏,唯有文科中学的学生才有资格升入大学。

实科中学在德国产生于18世纪初,较英法等国早一个世纪。这是一种既具有普通教育性质,又具有职业教育性质的新型学校。它排除了教学科目、课程内容的纯古典主义的倾向,适应了德国资本主义经济逐渐发展起来的需要,也反映了资本主义生产方式与封建生产方式的较量,但德国资产阶级在这时的力量是很弱小的,实科中学的社会地位也比文科中学低得多,它的学生是不能升入大学的。

十九世纪初的洪堡德改革曾经稍许改变文科中学的纯古典主义性质,但后来随着德国政治进一步走向反动,1856年以后文科中学的科学教育干脆被取消,而实科中学则加重神学和拉丁文的课程,从而产生了文实中学。文实中学的毕业生也只有到二十世纪初才得以升入大学。

上层中学与德意志中学产生于二十世纪二十年代。上层中学主要是企图解决双轨学制带来的矛盾,为国民学校学生继续学习提供一个场所。德意志中学则随德国民族沙文主义的膨胀而产生和发展。

阅读理解
阅读理解。
     In the United States, sixteen, eighteen, and twenty-one are important ages in a person's life. There are
no special celebrations for these birthdays, but each is a time when a person can do new things to mark
their transition (转变) into adult-hood (成人时期).
     After turning sixteen a person can work, get a driver's licence and leave home. Many high school
students learn to drive and get part-time jobs soon after celebrating their sixteenth birthday.
     At the age of eighteen a person in the United States can vote and smoke, but they are prohibited from
going into many nightclubs, buying wine or gambling (赌博) until they are twenty-one.
     In many Latin (拉丁的) cultures, a young woman's fifteenth birthday is important. At this age, she is
regarded as an adult. To mark this special day, families with teenage daughters have a celebration called a
Quinceanera. The day begins with the young woman and her family going to church. Later, there is a party
and many guests are invited.
    In Japan, young people become adults at twenty. At this age, they can legally (合法的) vote, drink wine
and smoke. The second Monday in January is a national holiday called Coming of Age Day. On this day,
twenty-year-olds celebrate by first going to a church to pray with their families. Later, they listen to
speeches given by city and school leaders. Afterward, many celebrate with family or friends late into the
night.
    In some countries, birthday celebrations continue through adulthood. Some people celebrate their fortieth
and fiftieth birthdays, or their retirement (退休) year, with a huge party.
1. In the United States, age sixteen marks the time when you can ______.
[ ]
A. vote and drive
B. drive and get a job
C. drink wine and smoke
D. go into nightclubs
2. In some Latin cultures, the fifteenth birthday is important for ______.
[ ]
A. parents
B. young men
C. both young women and young men
D. young women
3. In Japan, young people are considered adults at age ______.
[ ]
A. sixteen
B. eighteen
C. twenty
D. twenty-one
4. Which of the following is not the turning point in a person's life in the USA?
[ ]
A. The 15th birthday.
B. The 16th birthday.
C. The 18th birthday.
D. The 21st birthday.
5. What is the meaning of the word "prohibit"?
[ ]
A. 允许
B. 禁止
C. 终止
D. 支持
多项选择题