问题 综合题

阅读下列材料:

材料一:屈民而伸君,屈君而伸天。            

——(中国)黄仲舒

材料二:没有权柄不是出自神的……君主的权力是上帝通过教皇授予的”·…治理人民的国王是上帝的一个仆人……                 

 ——(意大利)阿奎那

材料三:“国王在世上可以行使一种神圣的权办气……除上帝之外,国王不对任何人负责……

——(英国)房姆士一世

请回答:

(1)以上材料分别反映了什么理论?

(2)这三种理论分别是在什么样的背景下出现的?其实质是什么?

(3)这三种理论都起了什么样的影响?

答案

(1)"天人感应”“君权神圣”“君权神授”。

(2)西汉武帝面临严重的王国问题,要进一步开拓发展大一统事业;13世纪,随着城市的大量兴起和世俗社会力量的壮大,基督教的神学权威受到严峻挑战;英国资产阶级和新贵族势力的上升与封建王权之间的矛盾日益加深。

(3)“天人感应”因其对于巩固国家的统一有积极作用,被汉武帝所采纳,从此新儒学确立了在中国传统文化中的主流地位;“君权神圣”将君权置于教权之下,一定程度上维护了教权的权威地位;“君权神授”则激化了国王和议会的矛盾,从而引发资产阶级革命。

本题着重考查中外对君权理论的认识和理解,同时培养运用材料有效信息正确、合理地解释历史的能力。本题既要求具备较宽的知识面,又要求具有较高的分析能力、综合能力和概括能力。第(1)(2)问比较简单,结合所学知识即能得出结论,但要注意表述的准确性与规范性。第(3)问关键应考虑全面。

选择题
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     I have frequently had the same chat line for more than three years now and have made some wonderful
online friendships.However, I have become __1__with the typical chat and internet all together.__2__, I
decided to take a __3__.
     After about a week of being off line, I returned late one night to check my __4__.In my box was an
email from an old friend I had met in a __5__room.She was talking on and on about a man who had
recently entered the room and thought he was my "male __6__". I wasn't interested at all in the email and
__7__my business.
     Later that night, I found myself wandering the Internet and I __8__across an photo gallery that was
quite entertaining.As I clicked from one __9__to the next, I ran across one gentleman's photo.I was
stunned(打晕)by his presence.About 10 minutes had gone by when I finally __10__myself away from the
Photo and decided to venture(斗胆)into chat.There, I found the __11__who had sent me the email earlier
that week.She __12__to tell me something else about this man."You just have to meet him."she said, "How much alike you are". I laughed at her thinking it was __13__."No, I am serious!You have got to talk to him."I finally agreed that I would make effort to do __14__later on and left the chat quickly.Again, finding
myself staring at this anonymous(匿名的)photo I had found __15__.
( )1.A. interested
( )2.A. Yet      
( )3.A. breath    
( )4.A. computer  
( )5.A. chat      
( )6.A. double    
( )7.A. set out  
( )8.A. found    
( )9.A. photo    
( )10. put        
( )11. figure      
( )12. continued  
( )13. surprising  
( )14. out        
( )15. later      
B.bored      
B.Still      
B.look      
B.line      
B.secret    
B.classmate  
B.set off    
B.ran        
B.website    
B.tore      
B.gentleman  
B.refused    
B.puzzling  
B.so        
B.sooner    
C.delighted  
C.So        
C.break      
C.letter    
C.post      
C.example    
C.set about  
C.met        
C.picture    
C.kept      
C.angel      
C.began      
C.amusing    
C.up        
C.more      
D.amazed    
D.Anyway    
D.moment    
D.mail      
D.duty      
D.image    
D.set up    
D.went      
D.mark      
D.broke    
D.lady      
D.wanted    
D.outgoing  
D.away      
D.earlier