问题 问答题

简述决策的事实前提的特点及其与价值前提的区别。

答案

参考答案:(1)价值判断是决策的首要前提。决策的价值前提不是由单一因素决定的,而是由诸多价值因素构成的价值系统决定的,这个价值体系内部既有一致的方面,又有不一致甚至相互冲突的方面。价值判断贯穿于整个决策过程,重新确立具有指导性的价值前提是决策活动中常有的现象。价值判断常常表现为价值目标的选择。价值目标与决策目标是既有联系又有区别的两个概念。决策目标包含有价值目标,但又不等同于价值目标。
(2)事实前提的特点主要表现在客观性、可检验性和变动性三方面。事实前提是决策的客观依据,它只是客观事实中列决策发生作用的部分,决策的选择性特点必然会导致事实前提的变动性。
(3)价值前提与事实前提的区别:提出问题的角度不同;认识形成的依据不同;影响决策的作用不同。

阅读理解

Dog walkers provide a 20 to 60-minute daily walk for a client’s(客户)dog, making sure the dog answers the call of nature and gets proper exercise. They often walk more than one dog at a time. Some walkers work for dog-walking services, especially when starting out. Others have their own businesses, and build by word of mouth and advertising. Dog walkers often work part-time, and some provide other services like pet sitting or transporting.

In N.Y.C., dog walkers usually earn about $25 an hour. If you work for a dog-walking business, you may earn less-if you are on your own dealing with several dogs at the same time, it may be more.

What do you have to do to be a dog walker?

First, have a real love of dogs, and have a good knowledge of how to get on with dogs. Try calling dog-walking services to find out about openings. If you’re on your own, you’ll need to network and market yourself. You might advertise your services in pet offices, grooming businesses, or neighborhood papers. You will need business cards and a mobile phone, and have good references and a clean background. You’ll also have to deal with taxes and insurance. You should be physically fit, friendly, neatly dressed and extremely dependable. Many dog walkers are bonded(被担保的)and insured, and this is a definite selling point to clients.

Of course, you will be cleaning up dog waste! You will also be outside in all kinds of weather. You may have to deal with dogs that don’t like each other ,and difficult owners. It’s also an up and down kind of business-clients can come and go.

For pet lovers, spending the workday with dogs instead of navigating office politics is its own reward! You are your own boss-you can dress casually, your doggy clients will love you unconditionally, and you’ll get some great exercise!

71. By writing the passage the writer tries to         .

A. introduce you to a job           B. enrich your knowledge about pets

C. advertise for a business         D. tell you more about life in New York

72. The passage offers no information about how to         as a dog walker.

A. find a client                    B. train a dog

C. get prepared                     D. make more money

73. One who wants to         may find the passage helpful.

A. take up a weekend job            B. keep a good pet dog

C. make money in his daily spare time  D. be a part-time office worker

74. The last paragraph but one (beginning with “Of course”) is meant to tell you         .

A. what dog-walking is like         B. why dog-walking is worth trying

C. the unknown part of dog-walking  D. the bad side of dog-walking

75. What does the underlined word casually in the last paragraph possibly mean?

A. as you like                      B. like a boss   

C. in a dog-friendly way            D. in nice clothes

单项选择题