问题 问答题 简答题

试论西欧中世纪后期城市学校的产生及其意义。

答案

参考答案:

在西欧封建社会的最初几个世纪里,闭塞的自然经济占着绝对统治地位。到了十到十一世纪,随着社会生产力的提高,农业有了更多的剩余产品,手工业专业化,商业活动逐步展开,于是,在工商业者聚居的地方,开始出现以手工业和商业为中心的城市。十一世纪以后,西欧城市普遍兴起并迅速发展。城市的兴起,标志着西欧封建社会进入了它的发展时期。

中世纪城市兴起之后,使整个封建社会的阶级关系更加复杂。在农民反对教会和世俗封建主的斗争之外,又出现了下层市民与上层市民之间的斗争,以及市民反封建领主和教会的斗争。城市学校是由代表新兴市民利益的城市行政机关办理的世俗性学校。城市当局决定学费的金额,选聘教师并支付教师的薪金,确定儿童的入学资格。

城市学校有几种类型:一种是由城市当局管理的拉丁文法学校,招生对象主要是上层市民的子弟,学习管理工商业的知识和行会内部的事务。

另外还有一种专为下层市民子弟设立的城市初等学校。学习一般的读、写、算的基本知识,用本族语言进行教学。如尼德兰的一些城市就曾开设用本族语教学的读写学校。这些学校成为后来初等教育的基础。

从14世纪初开始,有些私人教师也自设学校,招收手工业者和商人的子弟,收取学费,教授读、写、算的初步知识。

城市学校的出现,是教育上的进步现象,它打破了教会对教育事业的垄断,削弱了宗教思想对人类精神的束缚,因而,它遭到教会的打击、刁难。同时,城市未设学校之前,地方牧师能读会写,他们常为本地区居民代写契约、私人信件、遗嘱等,收取酬金。从城市当局自设学校后,识字人数日多,牧师的收入大减,因而也遭到牧师的拼死反对。所以,有的城市学校师生被打,校舍被毁,或者学校被封,在这种情况下,有些城市与教会达成妥协,有的城市当局同意给教会人员经济补贴,有的城市同意除本族语用世俗教员外,其他教师由神职人员担任,也有的城市规定学费收入由城市当局与教会分享。

总之,城市学校是适应社会发展的客观需要而产生的,教会不可能阻止它的发展。到15世纪时,几乎西欧的所有大城市都办起了这种学校。

填空题

用下列方框中单词填空。

A. mean  B. make up  C. personal  D. regular  E. bet

F. correct  G. judgement  H. stand for  I. resource  J. especially   

      Twenty years ago,kids in school had never heard of the Internet.  Now, 1      1      you can't find a

single person in your school who hasn't at least heard of it.  In fact,many of us use it on a      2      basis

and even have access to it from our homes! The "net" in "intemet" should     3     network. A network is

two or more computers connected together so that information can.be shared,or sent from tree computer

to another.  The Intemet is a vast    4      for all types of infor- mation. You may enjoy using it to do

research for a school project,downloading your favorite songs or communicating with friends and family.

Information is accessed through web pages that companies,organizations and individuals create and post.

  It's kind of like a giant bulletin board that the whole world uses ! But since anyone can put anything on

the Internet,you also have to be careful and use your best     5     and a little common sense.

      Just because you read something on a piece of paper someone sticks on a bulletin board,it doesn't     6      it's good information,or even     7   . So you have to be sure that whoever posted the

information knows what they're talking about,    8    if you're doing research! But what if you're just

e-mailing people? You still have to be very careful. If you've never met the person that you're

communicating with online,you could be on dangerous ground ! You should never give out any     9 

   information to someone you don't know,not even your name! And just like you can't believe the

information on every website out there,you can't rely on what strangers you "meet" on the Intemet tell you

either. Just as you could     10     things about yourself to tell someone,someone else could do the same

to you!

判断题