问题 问答题 简答题

试述中国古代著名的园林家及其造园思想和作品特点?

答案

参考答案:

1.中国古代著名的园林家主要出现在明末清初时期,主要有计成、李渔、文震亨等。

2.计成,江苏吴江人,著名的专业造园家,著有《园冶》一书,该书是全面论述江南私家园林的造园规划、设计、施工及各种局部细部处理的综合性著作。《园冶》共三卷,卷一的“兴造论”和“园说”是全书的立论所在,即造园的思想和原则,后有相地、立基、屋宇、装折、门窗、墙垣、铺地、掇山、选石、借景十篇。计成对好的园林的评价标准概括为“巧遇因借,精于体宜”,因借是手段,体宜是目的。即我们常说的,要符合构备规律构景规律。为此计成提出了两个规划原则:一是景到随机,二是虽有人作宛自天开。前者是造景适宜于园林的地貌和地形,并尽量发挥长处,避之短处;后者意为要创作,仿佛是地造天设的秀堂,此建筑配置必须从属、协调与山水环境,不可喧宾夺主。

3.《一家言》又名《闲情偶记》,作者李渔,生于万历年间,是多才多艺的造园学家,李渔在此书的居室部和器玩部中,对园林借景、装修、家具、山石等都有精辟的论述,是继《园冶》之后的又一部重要著述。他曾在北京弓弦胡同筑半亩园;自营别业,称伊园;晚年又自筑芥子园。他主张沿宋以来叠山以土石为宜,而反对全石山做法,认为用石过多往往违背天然山脉构成的规律而流于做作。用土石,以石代石,即减人工,有省物力,具有天然委曲之妙,混作是土处于山之中,使人不能辨者。他推崇以质胜文、以少胜多,是宋以来文人园林叠山传统。

4.文震亭,出生于明末书香门第,晚年定居于北京,能诗善画,多才多艺,可推当时文人园林的代表。平生所著《长物志》共12卷,其中于造园有关的花木、室庐、水石、禽鱼四卷。列举42种观赏树木和花卉,详尽描写他们的姿态色彩、习性及载法。体现出植物配置的原则,同时认为水石是园林骨架。“石令人古,水令人远,园林水石,最不可无。”

5.以上著作的内容涉及私家园林的规划设计、叠山理论,建筑、植物配置的理论与技艺,也涉及园林美学的范畴,所以是私家园林专著中的代表,也是文人园林自宋到明末清初的理论总结。此外还有当时很多的著作,无不渗透对园林美学和造林艺术的论述。

阅读理解

D

The future of agriculture must achieve several goals at the same time.

First, it now appears that we will have to double world food production in the next 40 years due to population growth, increasing meat consumption and pressure from biofuels (生物燃料). We will also have to reduce the environmental impacts from our farming practices, which have caused widespread damage to soils, ecosystems, waters and even the atmosphere. In fact, agriculture’s impacts are as bad as climate change as an environmental concern. Besides, we will have to improve food security for the world’s poor. While the Green Revolution of the 1960s made it possible to feed hundreds of millions more people than in earlier eras, the number of the under-nourished in the world has started to rise again. Finally, we will have to increase the recovering ability of agriculture from shocks. Today, our high-efficiency, globalized world has many benefits, but it is vulnerable (易受伤的) to destruction, whether from droughts, diseases or sudden price rises. We must start building better food systems to better keep us away from future shocks.

Currently, there are two models of agriculture: local and organic agriculture vs. globalized and industrialized agriculture. Each has been strongly supported and severely criticized, but neither of these models, standing alone, can fully meet our needs.

Organic agriculture teaches us important lessons about soils, nutrition and pest management. Unfortunately, organic food provides less than 1% of the world’s calories, mostly to the wealthy. It is hard to imagine organic farming developing to feed 9 billion. Globalized and industrialized agriculture has benefits of high output and low labor demands. Without it, billions of people would have starved. However, it has come with enormous environmental and social costs, which cannot be sustained.

Rather than voting for just one solution, we need a third way to solve the crisis. Let’s take ideas from both sides, creating new, hybrid solutions that increase production, save resources and build a more sustainable agriculture.

There are many promising avenues to pursue. A new “third way” for agriculture is not only possible but also necessary. Our problems are huge, and they will require everyone at the table, working together toward solutions.

53. How many goals of agriculture are mentioned in the passage?

A. Three           B. Four            C. Five             D. Six

54. Which is true according to the passage?

A. Organic agriculture can feed most people in the world now.

B. Industrialized agriculture does no harm to our environment.

C. Modern farming is criticized while organic farming is not.

D. The future agriculture can’t only depend on organic agriculture.

55. We can learn from the passage that _______.

A. everyone can afford to enjoy organic food at will

B. we will vote to decide which farming system to take

C. the writer is quite optimistic about future agriculture

D. only experts can find a better agricultural solution

56. What’s the best title for the passage?

A. Organic Agriculture Vs. Industrialized Agriculture.          

B. The Goals of Future Agriculture and Its Way Out.      

C. A Third Possible and Necessary Way for Agriculture.

D. Modern Globalized and Industrialized Agriculture.

判断题