阅读下文，完成第12―15题。（20分）

乡愁

①人们总是把乡愁简单地理解为对家的依恋或对故地的追忆，其实这样的理解未免太偏狭具体了，我此刻体会出了那种滋味，并非那么简单。乡愁不是空间的，而是时间的，它的方向是遥远的过去；乡愁不是恋物，而是自恋，它所牵挂的不是那片事实上常常显得很抽象的祖居之地，而是悲悼自己的生命与韶光。古往今来的那么多思乡的诗篇，细细想来，原都是对自我的悲怜：昔我往矣，杨柳依依，今我来思，雨雪霏霏。歌者哀叹的是岁月的逝水对自己无情的抛掷。海得格尔说，“故乡处于大地的中央”，看起来这是一个空间的理念，但细想这故乡仍不过是指人“长大的地方”，因为那里印下了稚儿的足迹，他的生命中最初和最美的部分抛洒在了那里。生命的家宅，记忆的归宿，稚儿离开那里，是因为童年那美好的时光已挥手远去，他已踏上被命运抛离的注定远游他乡的不归途！这真真正正永世的分离，便是“去年今日此门中，人面桃花相映红”的情景，一旦你回来追寻，也早已是“上穷碧落下黄泉，两处茫茫皆不见”的伤心之地。所以，乡愁是一种真正的绝望，一种生命里同来俱在的愁思。

②我便想像那位初唐的诗人陈子昂，在登上幽州古台时的悲叹，“前不见古人，后不见来者，念天地之悠悠，独怆然而涕下”，原曾觉得他的悲号未免有些夸张，但今想来，那命运对每个生为凡胎的肉身不过就是这样的设定，人生代代无穷已，江月年年只相似。任凭你把酒问天，悲呼浩叹，天道总不会屈就人道，肯给你些许丝毫的通融怜悯。因了这个宿命，中国的诗人骚客们，自汉以后便都变成了唯美的感伤主义者，他们是文人，同时又是哲人，我想中国的文学中之所以有一个很特殊很强烈的乡愁的传统，恐怕与这种生命本体论的哲学，和他们悲剧论的人生观念不无关系。他们像戴望舒笔下的那只乐园鸟，带着对往事和故园的永恒的相思，顾念而行，划成一道血痕斑斑的生命的彩虹。

③一个人在冰雨中独立前行。便是把你想象成那行列中的来者，你终究也只是你自己。来者和去者，在那永恒的天道中相差多少？想到此，剩下的便只是释然。感伤主义并不见得就是只懂得颓伤，如果是导向对生命的深在和洞悉的认识的话，感伤当然也包含了真正的感悟和坚强。因为一切并未缘此而中辍，生生不息，代代相接，因了那永远的乡愁，他们去那不断的远游。因为真正的家乡是没有人能够回去的，你看见了苍茫的来路，但循着那布满荆棘的路途回去时，看到的无非是一个愁字，就像鲁迅在他的小说里描绘的一样，你看到的是变了的一切，而别人看到的则是变了的你，月光下的故事已然变成了永久追忆，童年时的伙伴促膝而坐也如不曾相识，这就是故乡——鲁迅小说中的诗。没有人像他那样明白，即便是置身于故地和亲人中间，也仍有一种命定的深深的孤独。更不用说在脉脉温情之外，还布满着温柔的陷阱，在那缱绻的话语中间，也还响着令人心寒的弦外之音。然而这也终究改不了那份执著的强烈的向往与追怀。你知道，那些忧愤与不平，实际上早已经与那份情感的执拗断关系，你是一个彻头彻尾的无可救药者，纵然那故地已是泥泞的陷阱和煎熬的火坑，你也跳定了。

④永世的来路，无悔的方向，暮雨中思乡的旅人，故乡正离你越来越远，也离你越来越近。

12．请指出第①段“乡愁不是恋物，而是自恋”一句中“恋物”“自恋”在文中的具体含义。（4分）

13．第②段中引用陈子昂《登幽州台》一诗有什么作用？（4分）

14．第③段中作者说“真正是家乡是没有人能够返回去的”，为什么？（6分）

15．有人认为作者表达的情感是消沉的，你同意这种观点吗？结合文本，谈谈你的看法。（6分）

In 1886 explorer Robert Peary traveled to Greenland for the U.S. Navy. Before his journey, no one knew Greenland’s size or shape. On Peary’s first trips, he explored Greenland, mapping parts of it.

When Peary returned to the United States, he went to a businessman to sell some furs. There he met Matthew Henson, an African American mechanic, builder and navigator. When Peary went to Nicaragua on a Navy mission(任务),Henson went with him. When that job was over, the two headed to the Arctic.

Henson and Peary set sail for Greenland. When they landed, Henson built a house for their base camp. Peary and his men set out to explore the land by dog sledge(雪橇). Henson was injured and had to stay at the base. While there, he made friends with the Inuit, the native people.

In 1895 Henson, Peary and Hugh Lee went out on another dog sledge journey. This time, they found Greenland’s northernmost point. They now knew that the North Pole lay under the frozen Arctic Ocean. Peary had hoped to cross the ice. but the group ran out of food and returned to base camp. In the years that followed, Peary and Henson tried several times to reach the North Pole, but each time they failed. On one trip, Peary’s feet froze, and he lost his toes（脚趾）.

Peary and Henson planned last trip when Peary was 53 years old. They started across the sea ice from Ellesmere Island, which is located（位于） north of Canada. The temperature dropped as low as—51 degrees Celsius. The explores’ cheeks froze , and they suffered snow blindness from the sun’s glare. They experienced high winds and storms, and they also faced a hidden danger. Under the frozen ocean were powerful currents（潮流）. The ice moved and broke apart leaving open water, called leads. Twice Peary fell into leads. But eventually he and Henson became the first persons to reach the North Pole.

小题1: What did Peary and Henson find in 1895?

A．Greenland is near the Artic Ocean.

B．Ellesmere Island is located north of Canada.

C．The North Pole is located in the Artic Ocean.

D．Greenland’s northernmost point is the North Pole.小题2: Which of the following words can be used to describe Peary?

A．Determined.

B．Modest.

C．Generous.

D．Honest.小题3:What was the potential danger that Peary and Henson faced on their last trip?

A．Snow blindness.

B．High winds.

C．Storms.

D．Leads.小题4:The best title for the passage might be “____”.

A．The mapping of the Arctic Ocean.

B．Peary and Henson: Arctic explorers

C．Early explorers’ trips to the South Pole

D．Henson and Peary: discoverers of Greenland