问题 问答题 简答题

货币供给量和利率作为中介目标孰优孰劣?

答案

参考答案:

1)以货币供给量为中介目标的优缺点分析

优点:

(1)其可测性、可控性和相关性强。

(2)货币供给量的变动能直接影响经济活动。

(3)中央银行对货币供给量的控制力较强。

(4)易与政策意图紧密相联,不致与非政策效果混淆。

缺点:

(1)货币供给量是一个多层次概念。

(2)中央银行对货币供给量的控制能力并不是绝对的。

货币供给=基础货币*货币乘数。

2)以利率为中介目标的优缺点分析

优点:

(1)可测性强-易于收集观察。

(2)可控性强-直接控制再贴现率。

(3)利率作用力大,影响面广,与货币政策诸目标间的相关性高。

缺点:

(1)以利率作为货币政策的中间指标,往往使人们难以在货币政策变动时准确地区分货币政策效果和偶发性的外生效果。

(2)中央银行能够控制的是名义利率,而对经济运行产生实质影响的是实际利率。

(3)利率对经济活动的影响更多的依赖于市场主体对经济效益变动的敏感性,即货币需求的利率弹性。

判断题
单项选择题

Since we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our interpersonal relationships. One strength of the human condition is our tendency to give and receive support from one another under stressful circumstances. Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties. Those of us with p support systems appear better able to cope with major life changes and daily hassles. People with p social ties live longer and have better health than those without such ties. Studies over a range of illnesses, from depression to heart disease, reveal that the presence of social support helps people fend off illness, and the absence of such support makes poor health more likely.
Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others despite our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship supportive. Engaging in leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental support—financial aid, material resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.

Research shows that people’s physical and mental health______.

A. relies on the social welfare systems which support them
B. has much to do with the amount of support they get from others
C. depends on their ability to deal with daily worries and troubles
D. is closely related to their strength for coping with major changes in their lives