问题 综合题

(15分)历史上重大改革回眸

材料一

今有构木钻燧于夏后氏之世者,必为鲧禹笑矣;有决渎于殷周之世者,必为汤武笑矣。然则今有美尧、舜、汤、武、禹之道于当今之世者,必为新圣笑矣。是以圣人不期修古,不法常可,论世之事,因为之备。宋人有耕者,田中有株,兔走触株,折颈而死,因释其耒而守株,冀复得兔,兔不可复得,而身为宋国笑。今欲以先王之政治当世之民,皆守株之类也。

——《韩非子·五蠹》

材料二

“上下千岁,无时不变,无事不变,公理有固然,非人之为也”。(自序)揆之于人事,则应顺时而动,有所作为,若“委心任运,听其流变,则日趋于敝”,故在此无事无时不变之世界中,须“振刷整顿,斟酌通变”,如此,才可“日趋于善”。

——《变法通议》

材料三

宁要微词,不要危机;宁要“不完美”的改革,不要不改革的危机。一个长期执政的大党,尤其要时刻警惕短期行为损害执政根基,防止局部利益左右发展方向,力避消极懈怠延误改革时机,所思所虑不独是当前社会的发展稳定,更有党和国家事业的长治久安。面对全新的改革历史方位,当以“不畏浮云遮望眼”的宽广视野,以无私无畏的责任担当,按照胡 * * * * 所要求的,“不失时机地推进重要领域和关键环节改革”,“继续推进经济体制、政治体制、文化体制、社会体制改革创新”。如此,我们就一定能把风险化解在当下,让发展乘势而上,为党和国家赢得一个光明的未来。

——《人民日报:宁要不完美的改革 不要不改革的危机》(2012年)

(1)概括材料一与材料二的相同点,(3分)从阶级的角度分别指出两则材料中的言论在当时所起的作用。(6分)

(2)联系当前改革的实际,谈谈你对材料三中“宁要不完美的改革,不要不改革的危机”的认识。(6分)

答案

(1)相同点:都主张进行变革。(3分)

作用:①韩非子代表地主阶级,其主张变革的思想,为当时地主阶级的变革提供了理论依据。②《变法通议》的作者梁启超代表资产阶级维新派,其主张变革的思想为当时的戊戌变法(资产阶级改良运动)提供了理论基础。(各3分,共6分)

(2)认识:① 改革是社会进步的动力,要坚持改革。② 改革过程中肯定有阻力和风险,执政党要有应对风险的能力。③对改革者来说,认真听取民意,又不为流言所动,既需要智慧和审慎,更要有勇气与担当,继续深入推进当前的改革。(任答2点,记6分)

题目分析:(1)本题考查学生的分析、概括能力。材料一指出“是以圣人不期修古,不法常可,论世之事,因为之备。”材料二认为在此无事无时不变之世界中,须“振刷整顿,斟酌通变”,如此,才可“日趋于善”。两则材料都主张进行变革。第二小问要求从阶级的角度指出两则材料中的言论在当时所起的作用,材料一和材料二分别从地主阶级和资产阶级的立场为当时的变法提供了理论基础。

(2)该问属于开放型的问题,考生可以从改革的实质、改革的进程、改革的作用等方面联系实际发表自己的看法。从改革的实质来看,改革是对生产关系的调整,当前我国的生产力发展到一定程度与原来相适应的生产关系发生了矛盾,所以改革势在必行;从改革的进程来看,任何一场改革都会涉及经济社会关系的组合和各阶层利益的调整,这就决定了改革的复杂性,要求执政党有大无畏的气魄;从改革的作用来看,成功的改革能极大推动社会进步和社会发展。

单项选择题
阅读理解

Ⅳ. 阅读理解(共20题;每小题2分,满分40分)

第一节阅读理解(共15小题;每小题2分,满分30分)

阅读下列短文,从每题所给A, B, C和 D项中,选出最佳选项。

In an age when technology moves faster than most can keep up with, a small group of people still remain in the time of old-fashioned letters. Frankly speaking, I was once certain that traditional letters could never be replaced by other means of communication.

But a story about online communication changed my mind.

An old man, who suffered a lot from Parkinson's disease, was not able to talk clearly and could hardly write his name. Living totally alone, he managed to keep in touch with nearly all the members of his family. How did he achieve this? He clicked out words on his computer keyboard.

I, therefore, managed to get an e-mail box as soon as the opportunity came. My life changed. E-mail, and all online communication, is something truly different. It has capabilities that few other products can match.

E-mail is convenient. It takes less time with its fast speed and 24-hour connection. The slow postal service is no match. If you wouldn't want to have a face-to-face talk with your manager, you might talk with him through e-mail even if you are in the same office.

Naming all the good things about online communication is not easy. But wait. E-mail can be inconvenient. It can waste time and energy. Just think what may happen when you take a short vacation and return to find your e-mail box filled with 200 unread messages. You could clearly spend half a day clearing junk ads.

Then, online communication will keep us staying at our computer while it connects us to distant strangers. Once we throw ourselves into the machine, we may forget the human touches we once held so dear. I'm sure there's and always will be a place for the old-fashioned letter, phone call, and face-to-face meeting even in the world of modem communication.

As I listen to the sound of the modem, I was excited at stepping out to the outside world but, at the same time, I sensed a loss of control over something valuable in my personal life.

41. What caused the writer to become interested in e-mail and online communication?

A. The sound of the modem.        B. His own illness.

C. The changing of his life.         D. A sick old man's experience.

42. What is the most probable meaning of the underlined word "junk" in Paragraph 7?

A. Old and useless.                 B. New and useful.

C. Short but valuable.               D. Long but clear.

43. What does the writer think of online communication?

A. It should replace old-fashioned letters completely.

B. It is perfectly and always does good to you.

C. It is extremely useful and convenient, but it may be inconvenient or even harmful.

D. It does more harm than good.

44. How did the sick old man keep in touch with his family members?

A. With the help of his computer.

B. By writing letters with his pen.

C. By making telephones calls.

D. By visiting them regularly.

45. According to the writer, traditional means of communication will never disappear because    .

A. they are convenient and popular though they are slow

B. they help to keep the friendly relationship between people

C. most people cannot keep up with the development of technology

D. modem means of communication does too much harm