问题 问答题 简答题

简述税收筹划对信息质量的要求。

答案

参考答案:

1.准确性

准确的信息是做出正确判断的基础,税收筹划取得成功的前提是筹划者获取的信息能如实反映客观情况。否则,虚假或失真的信息将会对筹划活动产生误导作用。信息是否准确,关键在于:一是信息源的可靠性;二是信息传输和加工环节的准确性。

2.及时性

信息一般是具有时效性的。只有能满足经济决策的及时需要,信息才具有价值,不及时的信息甚至会增加税收筹划的失败风险。比如国家的税收法规发生变化,可能使原来不违法的行为变成违法行为,不及时了解这些变化,就会使企业承担法律处罚的风险。

3.完整性

如果筹划人员获得的信息不完整,那么他对相关事物的认识就不全面,依据这些信息所作的判断就可能是片面的,从而增加筹划失败的可能性。

4.相关性

完整性并非就是要求掌握的信息多多益善。有时,一些无用的信息还会形成干扰,影响筹划人员做出正确的判断。因此,收集信息需要建立在相关性的基础上,即信息要与税收筹划活动相关,能满足税收筹划的需要,有助于筹划活动中的分析、预测和决策。

5.适度性

收集信息需要耗费一定的费用和筹划人员的精力。因此,筹划人员应当注意信息的精度、价值和费用之间的关系。一般情况下,信息的精度越高,信息的价值越大,对税收筹划的作用就越大。但是随着信息的精度达到某个水平以后,信息的边际价值随着信息精度的继续增加,呈现出缓慢的渐进增长态势;而信息的获取费用在信息精度要求较低时增长较慢,随着对信息精度要求的提高,获取费用的增长会越来越快(见图3-3)。因此,筹划人员必须清楚在追求信息质量的同时,要把握信息精度的适度性,使信息的价值和获取信息的费用达到最佳的配比,不要为刻意追求信息的精度而耗费大量的人力和物力,从而大大增加税收筹划的非税收成本,使原本可行的税收筹划方案失去可操作性。

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“This is a really exciting time — a new era is starting,” says Peter Bazalgette, the chief creative officer of Endemol. He is referring to the upsurge of interest in mobile television, a nascent industry at the intersection of telecoms and media which offers new opportunities to device-makers, content producers and mobile-network operators. And he is far from alone in his enthusiasm.

Already, many mobile operators offer a selection of television channels or individual shows, which are “streamed” across their third-generation (3G) networks. 41. ______.

Meanwhile, Apple Computer, which launched a video-capable version of its iPod portable music-player in October, is striking deals with television networks to expand the range of shows that can be purchased for viewing on the device, including “Lost”, “Desperate Housewives” and “Law & Order”.

42. ______. For a start, nobody really knows if consumers will pay for it, though surveys suggest they like the idea. Informa, a consultancy, says there will be 125m mobile-TV users by 2010. But many other mobile technologies inspired high hopes and then failed to live up to expectations. And even if people do want TV on the move, there is further uncertainty in two areas: technology and business models.

At the moment, mobile TV is mostly streamed over 3G networks. But sending an individual data stream to each viewer is inefficient and will be unsustainable in the long run if mobile TV takes off. 43. ______.

44. ______. That suggests that some shows (such as drama) better suit the download model, while others (such as live news, sports or reality shows) are better suited to real-time transmission. The two approaches will probably co-exist.

Just as there are several competing mobile-TV technologies, there are also many possible business models. Mobile operators might choose to build their own mobile-TV broadcast networks; or they could form a consortium and build a shared network; or existing broadcasters could build such networks.

The big question is whether the broadcasters and mobile operators can agree how to divide the spoils, assuming there are any. Broadcasters own the content, but mobile operators generally control the handsets, and they do not always see eye to eye. 45.

Then there is the question of who will fund the production of mobile-TV content: broadcasters, operators or advertisers Again, the answer is probably “all of the above”.

A.So the general consensus is that 3G streaming is a prelude to the construction of dedicated mobile-TV broadcast networks, which transmit digital TV signals on entirely different frequencies to those used for voice and data. There are three main standards: DVB-H, favoured in Europe; DMB, which has been adopted in South Korea and Japan; and MediaFLO, which is being rolled out in America. Watching TV using any of these technologies requires a TV-capable handset, of course.

B.In contrast, watching downloaded TV programmes on an iPod or other portable video player is already possible today. And unlike a programme streamed over 3G or broadcast via a dedicated mobile-TV network, shows stored on an iPod can be watched on. an underground train or in regions with patchy network coverage.

C.In South Korea, television is also sent to mobile phones via satellite and terrestrial broadcast networks, which is far more efficient than sending video across mobile networks. In Europe, the Italian arm of 3, a mobile operator, recently acquired Channel 7, a television channel, with a view to launching mobile-TV broadcasts in Italy in the second half of 2006.

D.Despite all this activity, however, the prospects for mobile TV are unclear.

E.Assuming the technology and the business models can be sorted out, there is still the tricky matter of content.

F.In South Korea, a consortium of broadcasters launched a free-to-air DMB network last month, but the country’s mobile operators were reluctant to provide their users with handsets able to receive the broadcasts, since they were unwilling to undermine the prospects for their own subscription-based mobile-TV services.

G.The potential for mobile TV is vast, in short — but so is the degree of uncertainty over how it should actually be put into practice.

43().