问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的文字,完成文后各题。(18分)

不朽的失眠      

张晓风

他落榜了!一千二百年前。榜纸那么大那么长,然而,就是没有他的名字。啊!竟单单容不下他的名字“张继”那两个字。

考中的人,姓名一笔一划写在榜单上,天下皆知。奇怪的是,在他的感觉里,考不上,才更是天下皆知,这件事,令他羞惭沮丧。

离开京城吧!议好了价,他踏上小舟。本来预期的情节不是这样的,本来也许有插花游街、马蹄轻疾的风流,有衣锦还乡、袍笏加身的荣耀。然而,寒窗十年,虽有他的悬梁刺股,琼林宴上,却并没有他的一角席次。

船行似风

江枫如火,在岸上举着冷冷的爝焰,这天黄昏,船,来到了苏州。但,这美丽的古城,对张继而言,也无非是另一个触动愁情的地方。

如果说白天有什么该做的事,对一个读书人而言,就是读书吧!夜晚呢?夜晚该睡觉以便养足精神第二天再读。然而,今夜是一个忧伤的夜晚。今夜,在异乡,在江畔,在秋冷雁高的季节,容许一个落魄的士子放肆他的忧伤。江水,可以无限度地收纳古往今来一切不顺遂之人的泪水。

这样的夜晚,残酷地坐着,亲自听自己的心正被什么东西啮食而一分一分消失的声音。并且眼睁睁地看自己的生命如劲风中的残灯,所有的力气都花在抗拒,油快尽了,微火每一刹那都可能熄灭。然而,可恨的是,终其一生,它都不曾华美灿烂过啊!

江水睡了,船睡了,船家睡了,岸上的人也睡了。惟有他,张继,睡不着。夜愈深,愈清醒,清醒如败叶落余的枯树,似梁燕飞去的空巢

起先,是睡眠排拒的他。(也罢,这半生,不是处处都遭排拒吗?)而后,是他在赌气,好,无眠就无眠,长夜独醒,就干脆彻底来为自已验伤,有何不可?

月亮西斜了,一副意兴阑珊的样子。有乌啼,粗嗄嘶哑,是乌鸦。那月亮被它一声声叫得更黯淡了。江岸上,想已霜结千草。夜空里,星子亦如清霜,一粒粒零落凄绝。

在须角在眉梢,他感觉,似乎也森然生凉,那阴阴不怀好意的凉气啊,正等待凝成早秋的霜花,来贴缀他惨淡少年的容颜。

江上渔火二三,他们在干什么?在捕鱼吧?或者,虾?他们也会有撒空网的时候吗?世路艰辛啊!即使潇洒的捕鱼的,也不免投身在风波里吧?然而,能辛苦工作,也是一种幸福吧!今夜,月自光其光,霜自冷其冷,安心的人在安眠,工作的人去工作。只有我张继,是天不管地不收的一个,是既没有权利去工作,也没福气去睡眠的一个……

钟声响了,这奇怪的深夜的寒山寺钟声。一般寺庙,都是暮鼓晨钟,寒山寺庙敲“夜半钟”,用以惊世。钟声贴着水面传来,在别人,那声音只是睡梦中模糊的衬底音乐。在他,却一记一记都撞击在心坎上,正中要害。钟声那么美丽,但钟声自己到底是痛还是不痛呢?既然失眠,他推枕而起,摸黑写下“枫桥夜泊”四字。然后,就把其余二十八字照抄下来。我说“照抄”,是因为那二十八个字在他心底已像白墙上的黑字一样分明凸显:

月落乌啼霜满天,

江枫渔火对愁眠。

姑苏城外寒山寺,

夜半钟声到客船。

感谢上苍,如果没有落第的张继,诗的历史上便少了一首好诗,我们的某一种心情,就没有人来为我们一语道破

一千二百年过去了,那张长长的榜单上(就是张继挤不进去的那纸金榜)曾经出现过的状元是谁?哈!管他是谁。真正被记得的名字是“落第者张继”。有人会记得那一届状元披红游街的盛景吗?不!我们只记得秋夜的客船上那个失意的人,以及他那场不朽的失眠。

小题1:(4分)下列对文章的概括和分析,不正确的两项是:(     )      A.如果没有落第的张继,诗的历史上便少了一首好诗,我们的某一种心情,就没有人来为我们一语道破。这里的“心情”是指遭遇挫折后的失落、沮丧。

B.如果没有失意的张继,也就没有了那次失眠之苦,没有了那次失眠,也便没有了千百年来被人们广为传诵的《枫桥夜泊》。

C.作者借肯定张继的《枫桥夜泊》千古不朽,与他的考场失意相对照,有力地表达了作品的主题。

D.“不朽”原意是永不磨灭,永远存在下去。文中张继因写就了千古不朽的诗篇而失眠,他的名字将永不磨灭。

E.作者说,“钟声贴着水面传来”,“在他,却一记一记都撞击在心坎上”。在作者看来,这钟声对张继起着失意和嘲弄的作用。

小题2:从结构和内容两方面,说说“船行似风”一句在文中的作用。(4分)

答:从结构上说,       ;从内容上,         

小题3:文章题为“不朽的失眠”,请结合全文,解释标题的含义,并说说标题的好处。(6分)

小题4:文章最后一段说:“……真正被记得的名字是‘落第者张继’……”请你根据这句话提出一个自己的观点,并列举一个能证明自己观点的论据(4分)

答案

小题:(4分 )D,E

小题:从结构上说,此句由写张继京城落榜转而写他枫桥夜泊,完成了行文上的自然过渡(承上启下)。从内容上说,此句烘托了张继落榜后希望尽快摆脱令他羞愧沮丧的严酷现实,寻求精神超脱的急切心情。

小题:含义:“不朽”原意是永不磨灭,永远存在下去。文中张继因落榜失眠而写就了千古不朽的诗篇,故作者用“不朽”来修饰“失眠”。(2分)

好处:①“不朽的失眠”体现了作者命题之妙,这样命题,易于引起读者的思考,从而激发其阅读的兴趣。②借肯定“失眠”来肯定张继的《枫桥夜泊》千古不朽,并以此与他的考场失意相对照,有力地表达了作品的主题,如果没有失意的张继,也就没有了那次失眠之苦,没有了那次失眠,也便没有了千百年来被人们广为传诵的《枫桥夜泊》。

小题:[示例]观点:暂时的挫折并不意味着事业的终结,真正的强者应乐观豁达地笑对现实,创造不朽的人生。(2分,意思符合即可)

论据:(2分)可以说,不朽的是一种生活的体验,不朽的就是这人类智慧与情感的结晶。

小题:D,因失眠而写诗篇。 E, 起着警世和鞭策的作用。

小题:(每点2分)

小题:(4分,每点2分)

(此题回答时要紧扣“不朽”,如果这样答“不朽”也对:“不朽”的不单纯指那场“失眠”,而是“失眠”所引发的创作欲望,是诗人感极而发的传世佳作。其他说法言之成理持之有据也可)

小题:(教材中诸如孔子、孟子、司马迁、陶渊明、李白、杜甫、史铁生等人的人生经历均可作为论据,但应注意扣住类似“人生挫折”“事业成功”“不朽”等关键词,概括叙述)

选择题
问答题

To date, the bulk of the public debate about copyright and new technology has focused on an issue that I consider to be secondary, the issue of how new technology alters the balance of power between consumers and a relatively narrow group of producers, primarily the producers of certain types of music and film. By focusing so narrowly on that issue, and framing that issue as being about "kids’ stealing music," we run the risk of overlooking how bad copyright laws are increasingly affecting a much more important group of cultural producers.
I am the founder of Wikipedia, a charitable effort to organize thousands of volunteers to write a high-quality encyclopedia in every language of the world. We the Wikipedians have achieved remarkable success in our five-year history, and we’ve done it as volunteers freely sharing our knowledge. And yet, strangely enough, in addition to researching facts on hundreds of thousands of topics, we are forced to become copyright experts, because so much of our cultural heritage is being threatened by absurd limits on fair use of information in the public domain. I get two to three threatening lawyergrams each week; one I just received from a famous London museum begins, typically. "We notice you have a number of images on your website which are of portraits in the collection of [our museum] ... Unauthorized reproduction of such content may be an infringement ... "
I now respond with a two-part letter. First, I patiently and tediously explain that museums do not and cannot own the copyrights to paintings that have been in the public domain for hundreds of years. And then I simply say: "You should be ashamed of yourselves." Museums exist to educate the public about our shared cultural heritage. The abuse of copyright to corner that heritage is a moral crime.
The excuse normally given, that producing digital reproductions is costly and time-consuming, and museums need to be able to recoup that cost, is entirely bogus. Just give us permission, and Wikipedians will go to any museum in the world immediately to make high-quality digital images of any artwork. The solution to preserving our heritage and communicating it in a digital form is not to lock it up, but to get out of our way.
This issue, public-domain artworks, is about an abuse of existing law. But the law itself is also a problem. Copyrights have been repeatedly extended to absurd lengths for all kinds of works, whether the author aims to protect them or not. Even works that have no economic value are locked away under copyright, preventing Wikipedians from rewriting and updating them.
Every school system in the world faces the problem of expensive texts. Wikipedia shows a way to a solution, and we have founded a supporting project called Wikibooks to implement that solution. Here, thousands of volunteers are working to write textbooks. If we still lived in an era of reasonable copyright lengths (14 to 28 years, with registration), it would be no problem for us to seek out works of lapsed copyright, abandoned by their owners, and update them quickly. We could cut the costs of textbooks in schools radically, not just in the United States and other wealthy countries, but in the developing world as well.
And finally, the example set by Wikipedia and Wikibooks is beginning to spread, in an explosion of creativity. Another of my projects, the for-profit Wikicities, allows communities to form and build knowledge bases or other works on any topic of interest. Again, thousands of people are working to write the definitive guides to humor, films, books, etc., and they are doing this work voluntarily and placing it all under free licenses as a gift to the world. And, of course, here we have again all the same problems of abusive application of copyright law as at Wikipedia and Wikibooks. We obey the law; we are not about civil disobedience. We want only to be good, to do good and to share knowledge in a million different ways.
We have the people to do it. We have the technology to do it. And we will do it, bad law or no. But good law, law that recognizes a new paradigm of collaborative creativity, will make our job a lot easier. Copyright reform is not about kids’ stealing music. It is about recognizing the astounding possibilities inherent in the honest and intelligent use of new technologies.

Explain the statement "the abuse of copyright to corner that heritage is a moral crime. " (para. 3)