问题 问答题 简答题

运用矛盾普遍性与特殊性的辩证关系原理,简述我们为什么要坚持走建设有中国特色社会主义的道路。

答案

参考答案:

矛盾的普遍性是矛盾的共性,矛盾的特殊性是矛盾的个性。矛盾的普遍性和特殊性、共性和个性是辩证统一的。

第一,矛盾的普遍性和特殊性、共性和个性是相互区别的。首先,任何事物都有矛盾,矛盾的普遍性、共性是绝对的、无条件的;不同事物的矛盾各不相同,在不同的条件下各有特点,矛盾的特殊性、个性是相对的、有条件的。其次,普遍性、共性是对同类事物矛盾的共同本质和特点的概括,它不可能完全包括特殊性、个性,所以,特殊性、个性比前者丰富、具体。

第二,矛盾的普遍性和特殊性是相互联结的。一方面,普遍性存在于特殊性之中,共性总是无数个性中带有共同性的东西,没有个性就没有共性,共性只能通过个性表现出来。另一方面,特殊性与普遍性相联系而存在,世界上的事物无论怎样特殊,它总与同类中的其他事物有共同之处,总要服从这类事物的一般规律,不包含普遍性的特殊性也是不存在的。

第三,由于事物层次和范围的不同,矛盾的普遍性、共性和特殊性、个性在一定条件下可以相互转化。

矛盾的普遍性和特殊性、共性和个性的辩证关系原理,是事物矛盾问题的精髓。这个原理对于指导我们认识世界和改造世界具有十分重要的作用。任何事物都是共性和个性的矛盾统一体,人类认识的正常秩序即首先认识个别的、特殊的事物的特点,通过科学的概括和抽象,形成对事物一般的、普遍的认识,然后以这种一般的、普遍的认识为指导,去研究、认识新的个别的、特殊的事物的特点,并以此来补充和发展关于事物的普遍性的认识。

这一原理还要求我们坚持具体问题具体分析,把矛盾的普遍性和特殊性结合起来,在矛盾普遍性的指导下,具体地分析矛盾的特殊性。建设有中国特色的社会主义就是创造性地运用矛盾普遍性和特殊性辩证关系原理,是马克思主义普遍真理与中国的具体实践相结合的产物。马克思主义的普遍原理是对事物运动一般规律的反映,是对矛盾普遍性、共性的把握。

“中国特色”则要求我们分析中国的特殊性、个性,具体分析中国的实际问题,找到解决问题的具体方法。

走建设有中国特色社会主义道路,一方面,我们必须坚持社会主义的根本制度和基本原则,反对搞资产阶级自由化;另一方面,又必须从中国的国情出发,注意中国特点,反对脱离中国实际的教条主义、本本主义的错误。总之,坚持党的基本路线不动摇,坚持走自己的路,我们才能把有中国特色社会主义事业不断向前推进。

阅读理解

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies----and other creatures----learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) “drive” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.

It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.

Paousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s response in situation where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on a display of lights---- and indeed that they were able to learn quite complicated turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.

Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it was the success that they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a primary human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.

72.According to the author, babies learn to do things which ____.

A. are directly related to pleasure          B. will meet their physical needs

C. will bring them a feeling of success          D. will satisfy their curiosity

73.Papousek noticed in the studies that a baby ____.

A. would make learned response when it saw the milk

B. would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink

C. would continue the simple movements without being given milk

D. would turn its head to right or life when it had enough to drink

74.In Papousek’s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ____.

A. have the lights turned on              B. be rewarded with milk

C. please their parents                   D. be praised

75.According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving is a reflection of ____.

A. a basic human desire to understand and control the world

B. the satisfaction of certain physiological needs

C. their strong desire to solve complex problem

D. an important human urge to display their learned skills

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