问题 填空题

()是我国设立的科学技术方面的最高学术称号,为终身荣誉。

答案

参考答案:中国科学院院士

材料题

阅读下列材料:

  材料一 在上古和中世纪,世界上只有区域性大国,而没有全球性大国。公元1500年前后的地理大发现,拉开了不同国家相互对话和相互竞争的历史大幕,在此过程中葡萄牙、西班牙首先成为世界性大国。

 (1)葡萄牙、西班牙崛起的最主要因素是什么?

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  材料二 在工业化时代,世界领导国必须是拥有海上霸权的国家……19世纪的世界领导国是英国,在英国达到鼎盛时期的1860年前后,其现代化工业的生产能力,相当于世界的40%—50%,或欧洲的55%—60%。英国始终保持着相当于它国海军两倍以上的海军。大英帝国号称日不落帝国,它的殖民地遍布世界各大洲。

(2)依据材料二及所学知识,分析英国在近代迅速崛起的原因?

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  材料三 美国在19世纪已经具有世界经济大国的实力……第二次世界大战使美国成为当之无愧的世界霸主……从现在起到2030年或2050年,美国将是惟一的世界领导国,这是毫无疑问的。

 (3)二战后到二十世纪50年代,美国为维持其世界大国地位,对外采取了哪些经济措施?

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  材料四 据新华网报道,中国领导人强调,“中国的崛起是和平的崛起,我们要走一条和一些大国不一样的道路,这条道路就是和平崛起的道路。中国走的是和平发展之路,中国外交的出发点和归宿都是维护和平”。

 (4)上述大国兴衰的历史,对今天的中国走和平崛起的道路有哪些启示?

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单项选择题

It’s seven weeks into the new year. Do you know where your resolution is If you’re like millions of Americans, you probably vowed to lose weight, quit smoking and drink less in the new year. You kicked off January with a commitment to long-term well-being--until you came face-to-face with a cheeseburger. You spent a bundle on a shiny new gym pass. Turns out, it wasn’t reason enough for you to actually use the gym.

People can make poor decisions when it comes to health--despite their best intentions. It’s not easy abiding by wholesome choices (giving up French fries) when the consequences of not doing so (heart disease) seem so far in the future. Most people are bad at judging their health risks: smokers generally know cigarettes cause cancer, but they also tend to believe they’re less likely than other smokers to get it. And as any snack-loving dieter can attest, people can be comically inept at predicting their future .behavior. You swear you will eat just one potato chip but don’t stop until the bag is empty.

So, what does it take to motivate people to stick to the path set by their conscious brain How can good choices be made to seem more appealing than bad ones The problem stumps doctors, public-health officials and weight-loss experts, but one solution may spring from an unlikely source. Meet your new personal trainer: your boss.

American businesses have a particular interest in personal health, since worker illness costs them billions each year in insurance claims, sick days and high staff turnover. A 2008 survey of major US employers found that 64% consider their employees’ poor health decisions a serious barrier to affordable insurance coverage. Now some companies are tackling the motivation problem head on, using tactics drawn from behavioral psychology to nudge their employees to get healthy.

"It’s a bit paradoxical that employers need to provide incentives for people to improve their own health," says Michael Follick, a behavioral psychologist at Brown University and president of the consultancy Abacus Employer Health Solutions.

Paradoxical, maybe, but effective. Consider Amica Mutual Insurance, based in Rhode Island. Arnica seemed to be doing everything right: it boasts an on-site fitness center at its headquarters. It pays toward Weight Watchers and smoking-cessation help, gives gift cards to reward proper prenatal care and offers free flu shots each year. Still, in the mid-2000s, about 7% of the company’s insured population, including roughly 3 100 employees and their dependents, had diabetes. "We manage risk. That’s our core business," says Scott Boyd, Amica’s director of compensation and benefits. But diabetes-related claims from Arnica employees had doubled in four years. "We thought, OK," Boyd says now, "we have to manage these high-risk groups a little better.

In the first paragraph, we can infer that the Americans()

A. vow to diet in the new year

B. fear to lose weight

C. have poor decision in keeping healthy diet

D. succeed in losing weight