问题 简答题

(26分)古今中外的 * * 十分重视救灾、减灾。阅读下列材料:

材料一:为了保障救灾措施的有效实施,从中央到地方各级政府成立了一些官办救灾机构,并在救灾工作中发挥了最为重要的作用……与官办救灾机构不同的是,民办救灾机构的钱粮等救助元素或房屋、土地等不动产主要来源于民间,或来源于国民的义务纳输,或来源于乡绅、商贾的捐助。……在救灾过程中,(政府)采取了一系列措施。一是实施国家减灾工程,兴修水利以防御水灾旱灾造成的损失;二是增加国家或民间村社的粮食储备,以应不时之需。

——《中国传统救灾体系刍议》

材料二:日本的第一个防灾法是《备荒储蓄法》,制定于明治13年,即1880年。之后,日本陆续制定了一系列专项灾害防治法律。1961年日本更制定了《灾害对策基本法》,这是日本灾害应对的基础性法律。迄今已进行了23次修改,平均每两年修改一次。可以说,日本的防灾法律体系已经比较完善。

——吴飞《日本防灾立法的体制和精神》《中国改革》2008年第7期

材料三:国土厅防灾局是日本中央防灾会议的日常办事机构,主要为政府制定全国防灾对策。日本全国47个都、道、府、县都制定了防灾对策规划。日本的都、道、府、县、市的消防局和消防队是地方紧急防灾对策本部所属的紧急救助队伍。日本重视建设“城市防灾中心”及完善公众社区的自救体系发挥着平时可进行防灾培训和对居民科普教育的基地的作用,遇到灾害时可起到防灾对策场所的功能。

——吴飞《日本防灾立法的体制和精神》《中国改革》2008年第7期

请回答:

(1)根据材料一,概括出中国古代救灾、减灾的主要特点。(6分)结合史实从政治角度分析中国古代救灾、减灾的有利和不利因素。(6分)

(2)与材料一相比,材料二、三在救灾方面的突出特点是什么?(6分)结合近代明治维新和二战后日本的政治、经济、文化因素分析日本救灾减灾成功的原因。(6分)

(3)综合上述材料和问题反映出历史学的价值是什么?(2分)

答案

(1)主要特点:政府救济与民间救济相结合;救灾与减灾相结合。注重预防(6分)专制主义中央集权制度;封建统治者的腐朽(6分,其他言之有理酌情给分)

(2)注重立法、不断完善,政府专门机构、政府公助与民众自助相结合;注重制度化;(6分,其他言之有理酌情给分)

原因:明治维新和二战后改革,政治上的民主化,促进对民生的关注:经济上近代化和经济崛起为日本救灾奠定了经济基础;文化上明治维新以来的重视科技、教育。(6分)

(3)借鉴、吸取人类智慧,古为今用(2分)

选择题
阅读理解

请阅读下列应用文和相关信息,并按照要求匹配信息。请在答题卡上将对应题号的相应选项字母涂黑。首先请阅读下列关于颜色对人的影响的信息。

A.GOLD According to the True Colors system people who choose GOLD as their primary color like to fit in or belong.They tend to be reliable people who enjoy serving others.Things like tradition, home are very important to them.They need order and structure.They don’t like waste or change.

B.ORANGE People who choose orange as their primary color need a lot of variety and freedom.They take pride in being highly skilled.They enjoy "hand-on" work and often are good in a crisis.They are risk taker, seeking challenges.

C.YELLOW People who choose yellow as their primary color are curious about everything.They are confident and knowledgeable.They love sports very much and they work high efficiently.

D.GREEN People who choose green as their primary color are competent and want to control the realities of life.They are analytical and enjoy solving problems and developing systems.They love intelligence and logic.They are often critical of themselves and others.

E.BLUE People who choose blue as their primary color enjoy close relationships.Harmony and integrity are very important.These people are often very creative or they enjoy the creative work of others.

F.RED People who choose red as their primary color are always full of vigor(活力) and they tend to be confident all the time.It seems like they are ready to do anything and they will be successful.And they have a strong desire for power.

请阅读以下根据员工性格而促进工作效率方法的信息,然后匹配上面的信息。

小题1:Creating a warm and personal working atmosphere; establishing a peaceful working environment and

trying to avoid conflict; allowing them the freedom to express their feeling; praising their creative

approach to the job; praising them with their good jobs. 

小题2:Assigning work which needs detailed planning; defining the tasks in clear terms; providing a stable work environment and avoiding sudden change; giving standard rules and regulations and setting a good examples; praising them with their good jobs. 

小题3:Assigning work which needs analytical thinking and problem solving; encouraging them to think independently and taking their ideas to the next step; praising them with their good jobs. 

小题4:Assigning work which are action-packed; providing opportunities to be skillful and adventurous; allowing them the freedom to the job in their own ways; praising them with their good jobs. 

小题5:Assigning work which needs full energy; providing opportunities for job competition; if he does well, let him know he is very likely to get promotion; praise them with their good jobs.