问题 综合题

19世纪下半叶,日本进行了明治维新,中国开展了戊戌变法。改革在两国近代化的过程中起到了不同程度的作用。回答下列问题。(20分)

(1) 根据以下材料,概括中、日两国改革的起因。(4分)

材料一 培理(又译佩里)在1853年进行的那次访问是不受欢迎的,……长州和萨摩两藩的领主领悟到,与西方打交道的唯一途径,是采用西方的军事和技术装备。他们要为日本人拯救日本,就要学习西方列强的秘密。……明治时代是日本西化的伟大时代。

——(美)帕尔默•科尔顿《近代世界史》

材料二 吾国四千余年大梦之唤醒,实自甲午战败割台偿二百兆以后始也。

——梁启超《戊戌 * * 记》

(2)根据以下材料,概括日本改革措施的特点。(6分)

材料三 日本明治政府部分改革措施:

项目政治方面经济方面教育方面
 

改革措施

 

天下权力,总归于太政官(即中央政府),以除政令分歧之弊……                                   

 

兴办生产事业亦属急务,但人民还没有这种意愿,所以暂时创办官立事业,示以实例,以诱导人民。                          

1872年,明治政府正式颁布《学制》,规定6岁以上适龄儿童都必须入学接受教育,推行“四民平等”的国民义务教育制。在这一体制下,日本共设8所大学、256所中学、53760所小学。
 

(3)根据以下材料,分析戊戌变法的失当之处。(6分)

材料四 戊戌变法期间,光绪皇帝共计发布变法诏令184条,包括政治、经济、文化教育等各方面。对此,时任海关总税务司的赫德指出:“他们把足够的东西不顾它的胃量和消化能力,在三个月之内,都填塞给它吃了。”康有为的《新学伪经考》和《孔子改制考》在思想上引发了极大震动,不仅顽固派坚决反对,而且不少维新派人物如唐才常、黄遵宪难以接受,帝党领袖翁同龢也斥之为“说经家一野狐也”。因此,他的著作出版不久,即被光绪帝下令毁版。

——《中华帝国对外关系史》

材料五 戊戌变政,首在裁官。京师闲散衙门被裁者不下十余处,连带关系因之失职失业者将及万人,朝野震骇,颇有民不聊生之戚。

——《梦蕉亭杂记》

(4)纵观中日两国的改革,结果大相径庭。这给我们怎样的启示?(4分)

答案

(1)外国殖民侵略,造成本国民族危机,促进改革。(2分)

(2)改革官制,加强中央集权;利用政府的力量发展资本主义经济;发展教育,提高国民素质。(4分)

(3)变法内容贪大求全;触动了既得利益者,树敌太多;变法理论有偏激之处;内部意见分歧。(6分)

(4)改革是促进社会进步,富国强兵的重要途径;改革措施应注意可行性;改革需要强有力的领导。(言之成理即可)(4分)

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     After giving a talk at a high school, I was asked to pay a visit to a special student. An illness had kept

the boy home, but he had expressed an interest in meeting me. I was told it would mean a great deal to

him, so I agreed.

     During the nine-mile drive to his home, I found out something about Matthew. He had muscular

dystrophy  (肌肉萎缩症). When he was born, the doctor told his parents that he would not live to five,

and then they were told he would not make it to ten. Now he was thirteen. He wanted to meet me

because I was a gold-medal power lifter, and I knew about overcoming obstacles and going for my

dreams.

     I spent over an hour talking to Matthew. Never once did he complain or ask, "Why me?" He spoke

about winning and succeeding and going for his dreams. Obviously, he knew what he was talking about.

He didn't mention that his classmates had made fun of him because he was different. He just talked about

his hopes for the future, and how one day he wanted to lift weights with me. When we had finished talking, I went to my briefcase and pulled out the first gold medal I had won and put it around his neck. I told him

he was more of a winner and knew more about success and overcoming obstacles than I ever would. He

looked at it for a moment, then took it off and handed it back to me. He said, "You are a champion. You

earned that medal. Someday when I get to the Olympics and win my own medal, I will show it to you."

     Last summer I received a letter from Matthew's parents telling me that Matthew had passed away.

They wanted me to have a letter he had written to me a few days before:

Dear Dick,

     My mum said I should send you a thank-you letter for the picture you sent me. I also want to

let you know that the doctors tell me that I don't have long to live any more, but I still smile as

much as I can.

     I told you someday that I would go to the Olympics and win a gold medal, but I know now I

will never get to do that. However, I know I'm a champion, and God knows that too. When I get

to Heaven, God will give me my medal and when you get there, I will show it to you. Thank you

for loving me.

                                                                                                                      Your friend,

                                                                                                                        Matthew

1. The boy looked forward to meeting the author because _________.  

A. he was also good at weight lifting    

B. he wanted to get to the Olympics and win a medal  

C. he was one of the author's students    

D. he admired the author very much

2. From the passage we learn that _________.  

A. Matthew was an athlete                              

B. Matthew was an optimistic and determined boy  

C. The author used to have the same disease as Matthew had  

D. Matthew became a champion before he died

3. Matthew didn't accept the author's medal because _________.

A. he thought it was too expensive                        

B. he was sure that he could win one in the future

C. he thought it was of no use to him as he would die soon    

D. he would not be pitied by others

4. What would be the best title for this passage?  

A. A sick boy.                          

B. A special friend.      

C. A real champion.                      

D. A famous athlete.

问答题 简答题