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问题 单项选择题

群落演替最早是由( )定居开始，经过大量中间阶段而过渡到最终的顶级群落的。

A．灌草植物

B．先锋植物

C．草地植物

D．乔灌植物

答案

参考答案：B

阅读理解

What happens to a teenage kid when the world he thought he knew suddenly changes? Find out in Little Brother by American author Cory Doctorow. It is a fascinating book for a new generation of sci-fi readers.

Marcus Yallow, 17, from San Francisco is much more comfortable in front of a computer than obeying the rules of society. Smart, fast and wise to the ways of the networked world, he has no trouble outwitting (骗过) his high school's monitoring system. This way he and his friends get to head off to play a popular online game in real life.

While they are playing, a bomb explodes on the Bay Bridge. Marcus stops a military (军队的) vehicle to get help for his injured friend, but this simple act throws him into a Department of Homeland Security (DHS) secret prison. There he is treated as a possible terrorist(恐怖分子). He is eventually let go after four days, but his injured friend disappears.

When he returns, Marcus discovers that there are many "security measures" in place and that now all citizens are treated like potential terrorists. While some consider this government action necessary for public safety, Marcus sees this as a complete destruction of the rights he is supposed to have as a citizen.

He knows that no one will believe his story, which leaves him with only one thing to do: to take down the DHS himself. He helps organize a large network called Xnet to spread the truth, anonymously (匿名地).

The book presents a young man who is irresponsible, but learns about himself, and grows, in the course of the story. As part of this learning and growing he becomes aware of very serious issues about his society.

小题1: What kind of article does this passage belong to?     

A．A fascinating story.

B．A book review.

C．News report

D．A TV programme小题2: Marcus Yallow was sent to prison because ________.        

A．he killed his friend

B．he bombed a military vehicle

C．he did something that a possible terrorist could do

D．his injured friend disappeared小题3: From the second paragraph we can infer that _________.     

A．Marcus Yallow is much more comfortable obeying the rules of society

B．Marcus Yallow is smart, fast and wise in real life

C．Marcus Yallow always plays online games in real life

D．Marcus Yallow is expert at the network world
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单项选择题

阅读以下文字，完成以下问题。
1988年，一位爱好飞蛾的美国医生，发表了一篇科学论文，论述了夜晚的灯光是如何影响飞蛾的。这是一篇很普通的文章，但在当时，这也是一篇最明确地指出人造光会对动物产生危害的文章，一些针对人造光与动物关系的研究由此产生了。
在美国的佛罗里达海岸，城市的灯光曾造成刚破壳而出的小海龟迷路，使一些小海龟忽然爬向错误的方向，引导小海龟踏上了死亡之途。在很多场合下，即使动物们不直接暴露于灯光之下，它们也难以摆脱光污染的伤害，城区里的灯光会通过云层反射下来，使夜空处在非自然的光亮下，科学家们称这种情形为天空赤热。
最早指出天空赤热危害的是天文学家，因为这种光现象极大阻碍了他们对星空的观测。佛罗里达的科学家迈克尔•萨曼认为，钠灯也许可以成为城市的新光源。钠灯释放一种特殊的黄色波长，天文观测时，这种光波对观测的影响相对较小，而且对海龟和飞蛾之类的动物也不会造成伤害。萨曼说，海龟也许根本看不见钠灯，即使看见了，这种频率的光波也不会对它们的方向判断造成混乱。
然而，钠灯并不是万用良方。对于有些动物而言，钠灯的黄色光波和其他灯光的光波并无差异，有时甚至比传统的灯光显得更糟。突然暴露于灯光中的青蛙会延缓它们的进食和生殖行为，在黄光和红光下，火蜥蜴甚至无法从一个地方移动：到另一个地方。灯光的照射使水生无脊椎动物在夜间的活动量减少，其后果就是减少了这些无脊椎动物对藻类的消耗，造成藻类的恶性繁殖，水质下降。灯光还可能对鸟类的磁场定位系统造成扰乱，使这些鸟儿时常迷失在电视塔的附近。灯光可以削弱飞蛾的防御反应，使飞蛾在遇到危险时失去逃跑能力。
[ ]是那些有能力适应人造光的动物，它们在进化的过程中也不得不付出生物学的代价：某些异常的品质受到奖赏，[ ]在正常的自然状态下，它们[ ]变得不适应了。从逻辑上说，这样的进化选择将导致动物渐渐适应永恒的光照环境，并进化一些新的品质，它明显不同于在黑暗环境中生存的野生动物。假若让正常状态下和非正常状态下的这种动物交配繁衍，那将给这种动物带来灭绝的危险。
也许，我们的确到了找回那片失落星空的时候了。

下列对“天空赤热”的解释，最准确的二项是( )。

A．天空赤热是能够伤害到不直接暴露于灯光之下的动物的一种污染现象

B．天空赤热是人造光通过云层反射下来，使夜空处在非自然的光亮下，进而对动物和星空等产生危害的一种光污染情形

C．天空赤热是一种由天文学家最早指出的极大地妨碍星空观测的光现象

D．天空赤热是一种连暂时能适应人造光的动物都难逃其害的光污染情形
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