问题 单项选择题

患者女,48岁。右上腹突发持续性疼痛伴寒战、发热及恶心、呕吐13小时。既往有原发性肝胆管结石病史。查体:体温39.8℃,呼吸24次/分,脉搏108次/分,血压78/60mmHg。神志淡漠,烦躁不安,全身皮肤、巩膜黄染,皮肤有抓痕。剑突下和右上腹有压痛及反跳痛,腹肌紧张不明显。尿量<20ml/h。实验室检查:WBC 3.5×109/L,N 0.85,中性粒细胞核左移。血、尿淀粉酶正常,血清总胆红素160μmol/L,ALP 298U/L,ALT 80U/L。

其并发的休克属于

A.低血容量性休克
B.心源性休克
C.脱水性休克
D.神经源性休克
E.感染性休克

答案

参考答案:E

解析: 重症急性胆管炎的基本临床表现与其主要病理过程相一致,第1阶段多有胆道疾病或胆道手术史,在此基础上发生胆道梗阻和感染,出现腹痛,发热、黄疸等急性症状。但由于胆道梗阻部位有肝内与肝外之别,腹痛与黄疸的程度差别甚大,而急性胆道感染的症状则为各类胆管炎所共有。第2阶段由于严重胆道化脓性炎症,胆道高压,内毒素血症,脓毒败血症,患者表现为持续弛张热型,或黄疸日渐加重表示肝功能受到损坏神志改变,脉快而弱,有中毒症状。第3阶段病情向严重阶段发展,微循环障碍,水、电解质及酸碱平衡失调,患者表现为感染性休克,血压下降,少尿、内环境稳态逐渐失去代偿,各主要脏器功能发生障碍,第4阶段主要为多器官系统衰竭,肝、肾、心、肺、胃肠、凝血等相继或交替出现功能受损,构成严重的组合。如果病情进一步发展,胆道梗阻与胆道高压不解除,则危及患者生命。故答案应选E。

单项选择题


Passage One

Despite much loose talk about the new global economy, today’s international economic integration is not unprecedented. The 50 years before the first world war saw large cross-border flows of goods, capital and people. That period of globalization, like the present one, was driven by reductions in trade barriers and by sharp falls in transport costs, thanks to the development of railways and steamships. The present surge of globalization is in a way, a resumption (恢复) of that previous trend. The earlier attempt at globalization ended abruptly with the first world war, after which the world moved into a period of fierce trade protectionism and tight restrictions on capital movement. During the early 1930s, America sharply increased its tariffs, and other countries retaliated (报复), making the Great Depression even greater. The volume of world trade fell sharply. International capital flows virtually dried up in the interwar period as governments imposed controls to try to insulate (隔离) their economies from the impact of a global slump.
Capital controls were maintained after the second world war, as the victors decided to keep their exchange rates fixed on arrangement known as the Bretton Woods System, named after the American town in which it was approved. But the big economic powers also agreed that reducing trade barriers was vital to recovery. They set up the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which organized a series of negotiations that gradually reduced import tariffs. GATT was replaced by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. Trade flourished.
In the early 1970s, the Bretton Woods System collapsed and currencies were allowed to float against one another at whatever rates the markets set. This signaled the rebirth of global capital market. America and Germany quickly stopped trying to control the inflow and outflow of capital, Britain abolished capital controls in 1979 and Japan (mostly) in 1980. This is part of the reason why continental Europeans tend to worry more about the power of global capital markets. America has been exposed to them for much longer.
Two forces have been driving these increased flows of goods and money. The first is technology. With the costs of communication and computing falling rapidly, the natural barriers of time and space that separate national markets have been falling too. The second driving force has been liberalization. As a result of both the GATT negotiations and unilateral (单方面的,单边的) decisions, almost all countries have lowered barriers to foreign trade. Most countries have welcomed international capital as well.

The global capital market didn’t flourish until ______ .

A.the Bretton Woods system was established

B.the Bretton Woods system collapsed

C.GATT was set up to reduce import tariffs

D.GATT was replaced by WTO

问答题 简答题