问题 单项选择题


阅读下面短文,回答下列问题。
光,是人类的好朋友,是人类永远不可缺少的东西。
然而,过强过滥的光、变化过于迅速的光却是一种污染。现代都市里都讲究对建筑物进行豪华装饰,普遍采用大块的镜面玻璃、大理石贴面、钢化玻璃包装整座大厦,经阳光一照,白花花、明晃晃。据测定,上述这些装饰比毛面砖石等外装饰建筑物的反光系数大10倍左右,远远超过人体所能承受的极限,对人造成千扰和伤害。
最基本的光污染是眩光污染。眩光是指过强的光线照射,它可以引起头晕目眩,使被照者视力下降,严重时甚至可造成失明。
眩光来自许多方面,玻璃或镜子对阳光的反射、照相用的聚光灯或闪光灯、汽车夜间行驶的照明灯、夜空中的闪电,以及冶炼工、玻璃工等长时间面对的熊熊炉火等,都属于眩光污染之列,都可以对人造成伤害。
有些光线如汽车灯、机场灯、闪电等,在白天不会令人有不舒服的感觉。可若在夜里出现,就显得格外明亮,很容易对人眼造成伤害。这是因为人眼中有两类感光细胞——锥状细胞和杆状细胞,它们分别适应明暗两种不同环境。在夜晚从门外进入灯光明亮的房间,或从明亮的屋子走到室外,眼睛常有几秒钟看不见东西,就是因为两种视觉细胞在转换职责。有时,明暗突然交替,它们来不及适应,人就会感觉不舒服,神经调节系统就会出现某种紊乱。尤其在黑暗环境,人的瞳孔开得很大,突遇强光,瞳孔来不及闭合,大量强光线进入眼内,可能造成眼损伤。夜间骑车人面对迎面过来的汽车的强光,就会出现这种不适应。尤其夜里的电焊枪、闪光灯等明暗交替出现的光,轮番刺激眼底,会使视网膜神经很快感觉疲劳,很容易引起视力下降。
不仅过强的光线是一种污染,过杂、过乱的光线也是一种污染。车站中心控制室里交替闪烁的信号灯,舞台旋转的各式彩灯就是这类例子。它们的光线虽然不强,但因明灭不定,光线游移,很容易引起视觉疲劳,进而引起大脑疲劳,头晕头痛。人们常说在这种情况下感到“眼花缭乱”、“头晕目眩”,指的就是这种效应。长期在光线闪烁的环境中工作,会使人的视力受到影响,甚至导致某种程度的视力下降。
光污染还有一类特殊形式,就是视觉污染,就是指杂乱无章的环境对人的视觉和情绪的不良影响。人们都有过这样的感觉,走进一个整洁、干净明亮的环境,心情会格外舒畅,情绪很高;相反,如果看到周围的一切都是乱糟糟的,就会感到心情烦躁,情绪低落。尤其是城市的街道上车水马龙,再加上污秽的垃圾、杂乱的货摊、乱七八糟的招贴广告等,视觉污染特别严重。
还有一种近年来出现的特殊光污染——激光污染。近年来,激光得到了广泛的应用,很多的节日装饰和舞台布置都采用了激光装置,激光光线到处可见,大有泛滥成灾之势。激光是一种指向性好、颜色纯、能量高、密度大的高能辐射光。即使是最弱的激光光束,在它照射到的地方产生的热量也比太阳的强光高几百倍。激光光束一旦进入人眼,经晶状体会聚,可使光强度提高几百倍甚至几万倍,眼底细胞,都会被烧伤。激光光谱还有一部分属紫外线和红外线频率范围,它们因不能被人眼看到,更容易误入人眼造成伤害。功率很大的激光甚至可以直接进入人体,危害人的深层组织和神经系统。
防治光污染关键在于加强城市规划管理,合理布置光源,使它起到美化环境的作用而不是制造光污染。对有紫外线和红外线这类看不见的光污染的场所,必须采取必要的安全防护措施,最重要的还在于个人的防护意识。
                                            (选自《科学杂志》2003年第6期,有改动)

对“人们常说在这种情况下感到‘眼花缭乱’、‘头晕目眩’,指的就是这种效应”这一句话理解正确的一项是______。

A.光线明灭不定、光线游移,人们感到的“眼花缭乱”、“头晕目眩”

B.交替闪烁的信号灯,舞台旋转的各式彩灯令人不舒服的感觉

C.光线明灭不定、光线游移,引起的视觉疲劳,进而引起大脑疲劳,头晕头痛的现象

D.光线闪烁的环境,会使人的视力受到影响,甚至导致视力下降

答案

参考答案:C

解析: 此题重在考查对段内相关信息的理解。重点是归纳概念相承、相衔接的信息。A强调人们在“光线明灭不定、光线游移”情况下的感觉;B对情况和感觉表述都不明确;D光线闪烁的环境对人眼睛的危害;C抓住题干中所说的“这种效应”,根据语言表达习惯,可推知C项为正确答案。

多项选择题
单项选择题

The Lake District in north-west England is an area remarkably little affected by industrialization. The principal activity is still sheep-farming, as it has been for a thousand years, and many ancient words like "fell" for "hill" and "tam" for "lake" are still in daily use. In spite of its heavy rainfall and relative inaccessibility, its special atmosphere and spectacular natural beauty combine to make this one of England’s favourite holiday areas at all seasons of the year. But at Christmas 1968, still gripped by the fear that foot-and-mouth disease could spread to the hill flocks and sweep like wildfire right up to the Scottish border, it was quieter than ever before in this century. Luckily not a single farm had caught tile infection, the nearest case having been an isolated one at Kendal several weeks before. But every Lakeland farmer knows that one case among the unfenced hill flocks on the fells could lead to complete annihilation of hundreds of thousands of sheep and the virtual end of the district’s principal industry; you cannot replace sheep, acclimatized to their own part of the fell for generations, in the same way that you can replace cattle in a field.
Nobody could remember a Christmas like it, especially Boxing Dab, which is traditionally one of the big outdoor holidays of the Lakeland year. Normally this is a day spent following the mountain packs of hounds, fell-walking and, if the weather is propitious, skiing and skating, but this time there were none of these things. Visitors were actively discouraged, and those who did come were asked not to go on the fells, footpaths or bridleways or near farmland, while motorists were requested not to drive on minor roads and to shun the smaller valleys. The enterprising hotels which had earlier in the year decided to keep open during the winter were by the end of October having a desperate time. Hundreds of bookings had been cancelled and scores of dinner parties and young farmers’ reunions eliminated. All youth hostels were closed. At least one climbing club, unable to climb, substituted a training programme of films and simulated climbs on the more substantial municipal buildings.
The weather in the area was dry, crisp, windless and cold, in fact ideal for brisk outdoor activities. But nobody was able to enjoy it. Everything was stopped: hunting, walking, climbing, skiing, motor cycle trials, sporting events of every description. All the seasonal dances, festivals, conferences, shepherds’ meets and a hundred and one, other social occasions abandoned. The ice was bearing on some of the lakes but you could not go skating there. Meanwhile the foxes, emboldened by an unprecedented freedom from harassment, were stalking closer to the farms and the flocks of Christmas turkeys, while the hounds sulked miserably in their kennels.
Farmers are apt to criticize some sections of the outdoor fraternity for their occasional thoughtless behaviour, but the way that walkers, climbers, skiers, fishermen, hunters and the rest went out of their way to help them at this time should never be forgotten. The general public, locals and visitors alike, tried to give the fell farmers a sporting chance, and this remarkable display of public spirit was the one bright note in a very sad time.

According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true during Christmas time in 1968

A.(A) The seasonal dances, festivals and other social occasions were abandoned.

B.(B) The weather in the Lake District was ideal for brisk outdoor activities.

C.(C) The foxes were stalking closer to the farms and the flocks of turkeys.

D.(D) The ice was bearing on some of the lakes in the district.