问题 问答题

老年人的生理特点有哪些

答案

参考答案:[答案] (1)代谢功能降低
①合成代谢降低,分解代谢增高,尤其是蛋白质的分解代谢大于合成代谢,致器官、肌肉细胞及多种蛋白类酶的合成降低,而导致器官、肌肉及物质代谢功能下降,体成分发生改变。
②基础代谢降低。由于老年人体内的瘦体重(去脂组织)或代谢活性组织减少,脂肪组织相对增加,与中年人相比,老年人的基础代谢降低15%~20%。
(2)消化系统功能减退
①老人由于牙齿的脱落而影响食物的咀嚼。
②由于味蕾、舌 * * 和神经末梢功能退化,嗅觉和味觉迟钝而影响食欲。
③肠道消化酶(胃酸、胃蛋白酶、胰酶等)分泌减少、肠蠕动减缓使机体对食物的消化和吸收率降低,并有便秘现象产生。
(3)体成分改变
总体而言,随年龄增长体内瘦体组织减少而脂肪组织增加,使体成分发生改变。
①细胞数量下降,突出表现为肌肉组织的重量减少而出现肌肉萎缩,器官细胞数量减少致器官体积变小,功能下降。
②身体水分减少,主要为细胞内液减少,影响体温调节,降低老年人对环境温度改变的适应能力。
③骨组织矿物质和骨基质均减少,致骨密度降低、骨强度下降,易出现骨质疏松症和骨折。据估计,70~80岁时的骨量,女性降低约30%,男性降低约15%。
(4)器官功能改变
①肝脏功能降低,致胆汁分泌减少及食物消化及代谢相关蛋白类酶合成减少,进一步降低了老人的消化能力和物质代谢。加上肾功能降低,影响到维生素D在肝脏和肾脏中的活化和利用。有人估计,70岁时,肝肾功能仅相当于30岁时的50%~60%。
②胰腺分泌功能的降低,使老人对糖代谢的调节能力下降,有人估计,65~75岁时,约40%老人糖耐量降低。
③免疫组织重量减少和免疫细胞数量下降使老人免疫功能降低而易于罹患感染性疾病。
④老人心率减慢,心脏搏出量减少,血管逐渐硬化,高血压患病率随年龄增加而升高。
(5)心理问题
丧偶老人、空巢老人由于生活孤寂,缺少兴趣,干扰了正常的摄食心态。部分老年人由于经济状况拮据,购买力下降,或行动不便外出采购困难,影响了对食物的选择。有些老人因退休而离开工作岗位和工作环境,一时不能适应,引起食欲下降。

填空题

Part 4


Questions 26-45


·Read the following passage and choose the best word for each space.
Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any (26) know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid of goods at reasonable prices, (27) establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide (28) export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it (29) an increasing need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: (30) advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 percent more.
And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy (31) the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live (32) the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little (33) through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good (34) not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article (35) advertised, it is the surest proof. I know that the article does what is (36) for it, and that it represents good value.
Advertising does more for the (37) benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.
There is one more point I feel I ought to (38) on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality (39) that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing (40) fine distinctions. Of course advertising (41) to persuade.
If its message were (42) merely to information—and that in itself (43) difficult if not impossible to achieve, (44) even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive — advertising would be so boring (45) no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.

A.sense

B.judge

C.feeling

D.understanding

单项选择题