问题 阅读理解与欣赏

简述海明威的冰山原则

答案

(1)海明威在他的作品《午后之死》中第一次提出了文学创作的“冰山”原则。他说:“冰山运动之雄伟壮观,是因为它只有八分之一在水面上。”所谓“冰山”原则,就是用简洁的文字塑造出鲜明的形象,并把作者自己的感受和思想藏在形象中,使之情感充沛却含而不露。让读者通过对鲜明形象的感受去发掘作品的思想意义。

(2)简洁的文字,鲜明的形象,丰富的情感和深刻的思想是构成“冰山原则”的四大要素,从而也成为海明威的基本创作风格。

中篇小说《老人与海》是海明威一生思想和艺术的总结。他的”冰山原则”在这里发展到了登峰造极的地步。海明威大量使用象征、隐喻等手法,把作品主题思想高度抽象化,使其完全隐藏在水下的“八分之七”中。对老人来说,大海不像对年轻渔夫那样是一个具体的捕捞领域,而被认为是一种人格。它既体现仁慈,又体现残忍。因为它一方面养育了象老人这样许许多多以海为生的渔夫,另一方面又给他们带来了灾难。在大海的深处,老人找到他闻所未闻、见所未见的大马林鱼。海的宽广足以使老人能了解和体验到那种未知的神秘领域。如果说作品深奥的寓意是从这方面体现出来的话,那么他和老人孤单一人出海打鱼是分不开的。事实上,只有这样,关于大海的这样一种观念才会显得格外鲜明。或许正是这样的考虑,海明威才让老人唯一的伙伴曼诺林离开了他。

考查对小说基本创作风格的把握能力。理解所谓的“冰山原则”内涵,把握《老人与海》该艺术风格的具体表现。

选择题
阅读理解

New research shows that overweight or even mildly obese people have a lower risk of early death than people considered to be normal weight.

Researchers examined the results of 97 studies. Most of the studies were less than 10 years old. They included almost three million adults from around the world, including the United States, Canada, China, Taiwan, Brazil, India and Mexico.

The researchers at the National Center for Health Statistics found that people who are considered overweight or slightly obese were five to six percent less likely to die from all causes than people of normal weight. People with higher obesity ratings, however, had almost a 30 percent greater risk of death compared to normal-weight individuals.

Katherine Flegal was the lead author of the study. She says she was not surprised that overweight people would not have a higher risk of death.

“Because we’d actually already read a lot of this literature and realized it was likely that mortality rates (死亡率) for overweight would be at least not higher than normal weight. I guess I was a little bit surprised that it was definitely lower. And I was also surprised that the lower rates of obesity also didn’t seem to differ from normal weight.”

But she says the difference in death rates appears to be small between normal-weight people and those who are overweight or mildly obese.

The study has raised new questions about “body mass index,”(体重指数) or BMI. This is a measurement of body fat as a ratio(比率) of height to weight. In recent years, many public health experts have promoted body mass index as a way to predict the risk of health problems. Bu t a person's BMI can be misleading in some cases.

Steven Heymsfield ,the executive director of the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, says people can be physically fit and in good health, but might weigh more because they are more muscular.

Still, Dr. Heymsfield says people should not think gaining extra weight is OK just because of the new findings. He says being at a healthy weight lowers the risk for heart disease and diabetes(糖尿病).

小题1:According to the new findings, the researchers found that __________ .

A.People with high obesity have a lower risk of early death than people with low obesity

B.People with overweight have a greater risk of early death than people of normal weight.

C.People with mild obesity are less likely to die than people of normal weight.

D.People with obesity live much longer than people of normal weight.小题2:What does the underlined word “literature” in paragraph 6 mean ?

A.works like novels and poems

B.books and articles on a particular subject

C.printed material

D.magazines and newspapers小题3:Which of the following statements is not true according to the passage?

A.BMI is commonly used to measure body fat as a ratio of height to weight.

B.Not all people with a little higher BMI are fat .

C.Many public health experts encourage more people to use BMI as a way to predict the risk of health problem

D.Because of the ne w findings, people should think about gaining extra weight.