Social control refers to social processes, planned or unplanned, by which people are taught, persuaded, or forced to conform to norms. In every society, some punishments or negative sanctions are established for deviant behavior. Without deviant behavior there would not be need for social control and without social control there would not be a way of recognizing the boundary between the acceptable and the unacceptable.
Social control may be either formal or informal. Informal mechanisms include expressions of disapproval by significant others and withholding of positive rewards for disapproved behavior. Most people internalize norms in the course of socialization. This is any group’s most powerful protection against deviance, in that the individual’s own conscience operates as an agent of social control. When informal sanctions fail, formal agents of social control may be called upon. In contemporary society, such formal agents and agencies include psychiatry and other mental health professions; mental hospitals; police and courts of law; prisons; and social welfare agencies. All these formal agents function to limit, correct, and control violation of norms. Conflict theorists would also point out that social control agents and systems tend, in any society, to serve the interests of powerful groups and to enforce the norms most beneficial to those who make the rules and who, therefore, define unacceptable behavior.
Social control, whether formal or informal, has a dual function. First, it punishes the wrongdoer and reaff’irms the boundaries of acceptable behavior. Second, and less recognized, it regulates the manner in which deviants are treated.
Social control refers to processes by which ().
A. norms are developed
B. norms are enforced
C. people are educated and trained
D. people are rewarded and punished
，可以得到两者的线速度，周期，是和r有关系，因为r相同，所以线速度，运行周期相同，向心力与r和m有关，所以A错误，B正确，C错误，两飞行器处于同一轨道，然后后者加速，那么后一飞行器在短时间内速度就会增加，后一飞行器所需要的向心力也会增加，而此时受到的万有引力大小几乎不变，也就小于所需要的向心力，那么后一飞行器就会做离心运动，偏离原来的轨道，两飞行器就不能实现对接，D错误。选择B选项。