Children in any society are expected to learn to conform to a number of social rules and expectations if they are to become participants in the culture. (46)Among the rules that children in our society are expected to learn are that certain classes of adults (such as teachers and doctors) are addressed by titles, that males and females use separate restroom facilities, and that women but not men wear dresses. These are examples of social conventions. In the absence of such a shared norm, the acts are neither right nor wrong. For this reason, conventions may be said to be arbitrary. For example, (47)we could just as easily have students address teachers by first names as have them call teachers by their last names and formal titles of Mr. or Ms.
Conventions, however, serve an important function by providing predictability and order to social life. (48)Without social conventions it would be impossible to organize social institutions such as schools, and societies as organized systems could not exist. The arbitrariness of conventions makes their importance difficult for children to figure out. (49) It is not until some time in adolescence that children come to fully understand the function that these arbitrary conventions serve to provide predictability and order to our social interactions.
In contrast with issues of convention are matters of morality. Morality refers to issues of human welfare, justice, and rights that are a function of the inherent features of interpersonal relations. Because of this, the right and wrong of moral actions are not simply determined by social consensus or the views of authority. For example, it is not possible to hit another person with force and not hurt the other person. Similarly, it is not possible to steal something valuable from someone else and not cause the person to experience the sense of loss. A moral judgment about unprovoked harm ( "It is wrong to hit") would not be dependent on the existence of a socially agreed upon rule or standard but could be generated solely from the intrinsic effects of the act (i.e., hitting hurts). (50)Similar analyses could be done regarding a broader range of issues that would extend beyond direct harm to concerns for what it means to be just, compassionate, and considerate of the rights of others.
(48)Without social conventions it would be impossible to organize social institutions such as schools, and societies as organized systems could not exist.
参考答案：
没有社会习俗，诸如学校之类的社会机构不会出现，各种体系有序的社会团体也不复存在。
解析：
[原文再现] Without social conventions it would be impossible to organize social institutions such as schools, and societies as organized systems could not exist.
[结构分析] 该句是由and连接的两个并列句。第一个并列句的主干部分是...it would be impossible to organize social institutions...，it为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式to organize social institutions, such as schools对social institutions做解释说明，without social conventions为条件状语。第二个并列句的主干部分为societies could not exist，而as organized systems为后置定语。
[译点分析]
(1)Without social conventions it would be...：此句为虚拟语气，表示与现在事实相反的一种假设。without在这里带有假设意味，意为"if not"。