问题 问答题

欧洲宗教改革运动中,宗教改革者提出了哪些教育主张对西方教育的发展有何影响

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解析:宗教改革运动实质上是欧洲资产阶级在宗教领域内进行的一次大规模的反封建运动,其目的是以一种符合新兴资产阶级利益的宗教来代替服务于封建社会的宗教,宗教改革运动对西方教育的发展产生着重大的影响。 (1)宗教改革者的基本教育主张 ①路德派新教的教育主张。路德的教育主张主要反映在《致德国市长和市政官员书》和《论送子女人学的责任》两部著作中。其主要思想包括:第一,主张教育目的具有双重性,即宗教性和世俗性;第二,提出了教育的两个原则:一是教育权由国家而不是由教会掌握,二是由国家推行普及义务教育;第三,提出了建立学校教育系统的设想。 ②加尔文派新教的教育主张。加尔文认为,所有人民的教育应由教会负责,教育本质上是宗教性的。其基本观点为:第一,注重为人的发展提供规范化、理性化的环境,强调教会、国家、学校、家庭的一体化。第二,重视各级各类学校的发展,强调学校教育的系统化。 ③英国国教派的教育主张。国教派源自英国国王与教皇的决裂。该教派重视对教师的言行、宗教信仰的监督;人文主义教育色彩浓厚,重视古典文化的学习;后来开始重视有助于实现个人抱负的学科如英语、外国语、物理、化学等,学校课程更加有益于世俗生活,教育目标更加注重培养在社会生活中能有所作为的绅士,现实主义精神日益增强。 (2)宗教改革的影响 ①宗教改革给欧洲社会带来了极大的破坏,也给教育带来了厄运,教育饱受摧残,长时间难以复苏。宗教改革使教育势必成为一种民族的教育,一种由国家控制领导权的教育,一种避免宗教争端的世俗性、公共性的教育。教育与世俗生活的结合更趋紧密,学校的课程也随之发生变化,世俗性知识比重加大,自然科学进入课程之中,教育的总体精神正在发生重大转折。这种转折标志着世俗性的近代教育已从根本上取代了宗教性的中世纪教育,标志着教育正迈向近代化。 ②尽管宗教改革是人文主义引发的,但宗教改革对近代教育转折的历史意义远远高于人文主义。宗教改革运动结束后,西方教育的近代化(国家化、世俗化、普及化)历程便真正开始了。持续近三百年的文艺复兴时期的教育发展史,头绪纷繁,错综复杂,这与当时的社会发展状况是相一致的。人文主义教育、新教教育、天主教教育三种教育势力相互之间的冲突与融合,奠定了近代西方教育的基本格局。三种教育中的每种教育尽管皆有不足之处,所服务的目的也大相径庭,但它们都对西方教育的发展做出了贡献。

单项选择题

Many researchers have found greater dependence and obedience in very young girls, greater autonomy and activity in boys. When a barrier is set up to separate children from their mothers, boys try to knock it down; girls cry helplessly. There is little doubt that mother’s encouragement or discouragement—of such behavior plays a major role in determining adult personality. For example, a mother often stimulates male autonomy by throwing a toy far away from her young son, thus silently suggesting to him that he leaves her to get it.
Animal studies suggest that there may be a biological factor in material behavior; mothers of some monkeys punish their male babies earlier and more often than their female offspring; they also touch their female babies more often and act more protectively toward them.
As for the controversial question of female "passivity", psychologist Helen Deutsh believes that the concept has been misunderstood. "There is no contradiction between being feminine and working. The self can be active in both men and women," she says. It is only in love and sex that passivity is particularly appropriate for women. As she sees it, passivity is no more than a king of openness and warmth; it does not mean "inactivity of emptiness".
Another controversy ranges over the effect of hormones. Aggressive women; who discount hormonal influence, disagree violently with scientific researchers, who almost unanimously agree that hormones help determine how people feel and act. So far, there have been few studies of male hormones, but scientists think they may eventually discover hormonal cycles in men that produce cyclic changes in mood and behavior. As for females, studies have indicated that 49 percent of female medical and surgical admissions, most psychiatric hospital admission and 62 percent of violent crimes among women prisoners are related with hormonal cycles in women.

Animal studies show that ______ .

A.monkey mothers know some knowledge on biology

B.mothers tend to show real love to their female babies

C.the offspring does not need so much caring from mother

D.monkey mothers give more care to their female kids by instinct

单项选择题