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问题 单项选择题

彼は出来事の始終を話した。

A．しじゅう

B．ししゅう

C．しじゅ

D．ししゅ

答案

参考答案：A

填空题

在宇宙学中，有一个非常重要的常数，叫做宇宙学常数。这个常数在我们的宇宙中起着一种斥力的作用，使得我们的宇宙加速膨胀。20世纪80年代末，诺贝尔奖获得者、美国理论物理学家温伯格指出，如果宇宙学常数显著地大于它现在所具有的数值，那么它的排斥作用就会过于巨大，以致万有引力根本不可能把物质吸引到一起形成恒星和星系。
据此，一些科学家提出了所谓“人择原理”。也就是说，我们的宇宙为什么是这个样子，那是因为它必须是这个样子，生命才有可能产生，人类才有可能存在。或者说，一些物理常数的数值为什么必须那么大，那是因为只有当它们的数值等于那么大的时候才会有人类存在。
“人择原理”是当代物理学中争论最激烈的问题之一。大多数物理学家认为，在我们的宇宙中，自然规律之所以是这个样子，应该有着某种跟人类毫无关系的深层原因。“人择原理”最激烈的反对者说，这个原理是不科学的，它起着帮助“创世论”的作用，意味着有某个类似于上帝的设计者为最后创造出生命和人类，对即将通过大爆炸生成的宇宙作了细致的调节。
但是，另一些物理学家则为“人择原理”另辟蹊径。他们认为我们的宇宙只不过是许多可能存在着的宇宙中的一个。事实上，许多物理学家和宇宙家已经开始相信我们的宇宙不是独一无二的，而是许许多多宇宙中的一个。按照这种“多重宇宙”思想，有无数不同的宇宙和无数可能的自然规律。它们并非都生成恒星和星系。即使恒星和星系能够生成，它们那里的不同的自然规律也不一定会让恒星制造出那些对于生命来说至关重要的元素。
当然，按照多重宇宙观点，我们的宇宙就不是唯一复杂到足以支持有意识的生命存在的宇宙。英国天文学家里斯认为，在多重宇宙中，数量众多的不适合人类居住的宇宙构成了一个巨大的“海洋”，在这个“海洋”中可能散布着一些“岛屿”，这些“岛屿”被称为“可居住宇宙”。在各个可居住宇宙中，物理常数的数值仅仅略微有些不同，都在允许生命存在的范围之内。我们的宇宙应该是一个普通的可居住宇宙，并无特别之处。
多重宇宙使得“人择原理”成为一种概率原理，从而具有了科学依据。有一种能够把量子力学和广义相对论调和在一起的新理论，叫做弦论。这种理论主张一切物质都由极其细小的弦组成，这些弦具有一定的能量，在十维的时空中进行振动。弦论所描述的宇宙远不止一个，可达10500。个。这是一个我们无法想像的巨大的数字。在这么多的宇宙之中，每个宇宙都有不同的物理特性，可居住宇宙的出现即使只有极其微小的频率，它的绝对数量也必定是一个非常大的数字。
诚然，弦论是一种尚未被实验和观测证实的理论。可是，且不说弦论，实际上里斯走得比这更远。他认为在那些可居住宇宙的“岛屿”上，确定基本物理学和宇宙学状况的物理常数也许可以与我们的宇宙有很大差别。例如，它们或许有更重的电子，或许由一次较冷的大爆炸演化而来，或许光会以较低的速度传播，或许万有引力会更强大。如果真是这样，那可居住宇宙出现的概率就大多了，但它们相互之间的差别也就十分巨大。
(节选自王家骥《别样宇宙花亦红》，略有改动。)

依据原文提供的信息，下列推断不正确的一项是( )。

A．虽然科学家都以我们的宇宙为参照来推求其他可居住宇宙的存在，但结论不尽相同

B．尽管“人择原理”受到了普遍的质疑，但是它对促进弦论的发展却起到了较大的作用

C．即使真正弄清了生命产生与物理常数的关系，也未必能准确描述可居住宇宙的数量

D．虽然科学家对多重宇宙和可居住宇宙的认识不尽相同，但他们的认识正在逐步深入
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单项选择题

Marriage, and its many ups and downs, still exercises a powerful hold over newspapers, magazines and the airwaves. Nearly 23m Americans watched Prince William being joined in holy marriage to Kate Middleton. Millions more have indulged in the break-up of Arnold Schwarzenegger’s marriage after revelations that he fathered a son with a maid.

Less delightful are revelations about the sorry state of marriage across the United States. Data from the Census Bureau show that married couples, for the first time, now make up less than half of all households.

The iconic American family, with mom, dad and kids under one roof, is fading. In every state the numbers of unmarried couples, childless households and single-person households are growing faster than those comprised of married people with children, finds the 2010 census. And the trend has a potent class dimension. Traditional marriage has evolved from a near-universal ritual to a luxury for the educated and affluent.

There barely was a marriage gap in 1960: only four percentage points separated the wedded ways of college and high-school graduates(76％ versus 72％). The gap has since widened to 16 percentage points, according to the Pew Research Centre.

"Marriage has become much more selective, and that’s why the divorce rate has come down," said Bradford Wilcox, director of the National Marriage Project at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville. The project found that divorce rates for couples with college degrees are only a third as high as for those with a high-school degree.

Americans with a high-school degree or less tell researchers they would like to marry, but do not believe they can afford it. Instead, they raise children out of wedlock. Only 6％ of children born to college-educated mothers were born outside marriage, according to the National Marriage Project. That compares with 44％ of babies born to mothers whose education ended with high school.

"Less marriage means less income and more poverty," reckons Isabel Sawhill, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution. She and other researchers have linked as much as half of the income inequality in America to changes in family composition: single-parent families (mostly those with a high-school degree or less) are getting poorer while married couples (with educations and dual incomes) are increasingly well-off. "This is a striking gap that is not well understood by the public," she says.

Do not expect the Democratic Party, however, to make an issue of the marriage gap in next year’s elections. Unmarried women voted overwhelmingly for Barack Obama. "You don’t want to suggest to someone who isn’t married and has children that they should be married," says Ms Sawhill. "That is a scorn on their lifestyle.

The first two paragraphs suggest that（）

A. the public like to spy on celebrities’ marriage

B. many celebrities’ marriages are going wrong

C. Americans’ marriage is going downhill

D. people feel sorry for Americans’ marriage
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