问题 综合题

(15分)历史上重大改革回眸

材料 明朝内阁首辅张居正目睹政局混乱,1573年,他提出了“考成法”。考察标准是“惟以安静宜民者为最,其沿袭旧套虚心矫饰者,虽浮誉素隆,亦列下考。”方法是“若抚按官不熟悉心甄别,而以旧套了事,则吏部为不称职,朝廷宜秉公更置之”,同时又建立制度规定:凡六部都察院的各章奏等转行各衙门,“俱先酌量道里远近,事情缓急,立定程期,置立文薄存照”,实行一件,注销一件,“若各该抚按官奏行事理有稽迟延阁者,该部举之;各部院注销文册有容隐欺蔽者,科臣举之;六科缴本具奏有容隐欺蔽者,臣等举之。如此,月有考,岁有稽,不惟使声必中实,事可责成”。在“考成法”实施中,张居正裁撤了一批冗员,奖励了一批“廉能官员”,“自是,一切术敢饰非,政体为肃”然“有司惯于降罚,遂不分缓急,一概严刑并追。”

——摘编自南炳文 汤纲《中国断代史系列·明史》等

(1)根据材料,概括“考成法”内容的特点。(10分)

(2)简评“考成法”的实施效果。(5分)

答案

(1)确立为民行政、反对因循守旧的官员考核标准;上一级对下一级的官员考核是否合理有处置权;根据事情轻重缓急和路程远近确定事务完成期限;每月逐级监督并考核事务完成质量;考核官员赏罚分明。(10分)

(2)整顿了吏治,提高了行政效率;出现不分轻重、降罚过严的问题。(5分)

题目分析:

(1)该问考查对材料信息的概括能力。“考成法”的考察标准是“惟以安静宜民者为最”;“酌量道里远近,事情缓急,立定程期”,根据事情轻重缓急和路程远近确定事务完成期限;“月有考,岁有稽,不惟使声必中实,事可责成”,每月逐级监督并考核事务完成质量;考核官员赏罚分明。

(2)依据材料分析“考成法”的实施效果:在“考成法”实施中,张居正裁撤了一批冗员,奖励了一批“廉能官员”,“自是,一切术敢饰非,政体为肃”,整顿了吏治,提高了行政效率;然“有司惯于降罚,遂不分缓急,一概严刑并追。”但也出现不分轻重、降罚过严的问题。

单项选择题
完形填空
完形填空。
     The first time I remember noticing the crossing guard was when he waved to me as I drove my son to
school. He   1   me with a puzzle-all because he waved to me like someone does   2   seeing a close friend.
A big,   3   smile accompanied his wave. For the next few days I tried to   4   his face to see if I knew him.
I didn't. Perhaps he had   5   me for someone else. By the time I contented myself with the   6   that he and
I were strangers, we were greeting each other warmly every morning like old friends.
     Then one day the   7   was solved. As I   8   the school he was standing in the middle of the road   9   
his stop sign. I was in live behind four cars.  10  the kids had reached the safety of the sidewalk, he lowered
his sign and let the cars  11 . To the first he waved and  12  in just the same way he had done to me over the
last few days. The kids already had the window down and were happily waving their reply. The second car
got the same  13  from the crossing guard, and the driver, a stiff-looking (表情刻板的) businessman, gave
a brief, almost  14  wave back. Each following car of kids on their way to school  15  more heartily.
     Every morning I continued to watch the man with  16 . So far I haven't seen anyone  17  to wave back.
I find it interesting that one person can make such a(n)  18  to so many people's lives by doing one simple
thing like waving and smiling warmly. His  19  armed the start of my day. With a friendly wave and smiling
face he had changed the  20  of the whole neighbourhood.
( )1. A. hit         
( )2. A. on           
( )3. A. false       
( )4. A. research     
( )5. A. praised     
( )6. A. conclusion   
( )7. A. argument     
( )8. A. visited     
( )9. A. drawing back 
( )10. A. Once       
( )11. A. in         
( )12. A. cried       
( )13. A. idea       
( )14. A. awkward     
( )15. A. came       
( )16. A. surprise   
( )17. A. fail       
( )18. A. offer       
( )19. A. effectiveness
( )20. A. trends     
B. disappointed 
B. from        
B. shy          
B. study        
B. blamed      
B. description  
B. disagreement 
B. approached   
B. putting on  
B. Before      
B. through      
B. cheered      
B. reply        
B. angry        
B. responded    
B. frustration  
B. try          
B. sacrifice    
B. cheerfulness 
B. observations      
C. presented    
C. during      
C. apologetic  
C. recognize    
C. mistaken    
C. evaluation  
C. mystery      
C. passed      
C. handing in  
C. Unless      
C. out          
C. smiled      
C. notice      
C. elegant      
C. hurried      
C. interest    
C. wish        
C. promise      
C. carefulness  
C. regulations      
D. bored            
D. about          
D. bright       
D. explore          
D. respected      
D. introduction 
D. task             
D. left           
D. holding out                  
D. While        
D. down             
D. gestured       
D. greeting     
D. patient        
D. appeared         
D. doubt          
D. bother       
D. difference     
D. seriousness    
D. feelings