问题 综合题

(15分)历史上重大改革回眸

材料 明朝内阁首辅张居正目睹政局混乱,1573年,他提出了“考成法”。考察标准是“惟以安静宜民者为最,其沿袭旧套虚心矫饰者,虽浮誉素隆,亦列下考。”方法是“若抚按官不熟悉心甄别,而以旧套了事,则吏部为不称职,朝廷宜秉公更置之”,同时又建立制度规定:凡六部都察院的各章奏等转行各衙门,“俱先酌量道里远近,事情缓急,立定程期,置立文薄存照”,实行一件,注销一件,“若各该抚按官奏行事理有稽迟延阁者,该部举之;各部院注销文册有容隐欺蔽者,科臣举之;六科缴本具奏有容隐欺蔽者,臣等举之。如此,月有考,岁有稽,不惟使声必中实,事可责成”。在“考成法”实施中,张居正裁撤了一批冗员,奖励了一批“廉能官员”,“自是,一切术敢饰非,政体为肃”然“有司惯于降罚,遂不分缓急,一概严刑并追。”

——摘编自南炳文 汤纲《中国断代史系列·明史》等

(1)根据材料,概括“考成法”内容的特点。(10分)

(2)简评“考成法”的实施效果。(5分)

答案

(1)确立为民行政、反对因循守旧的官员考核标准;上一级对下一级的官员考核是否合理有处置权;根据事情轻重缓急和路程远近确定事务完成期限;每月逐级监督并考核事务完成质量;考核官员赏罚分明。(10分)

(2)整顿了吏治,提高了行政效率;出现不分轻重、降罚过严的问题。(5分)

题目分析:

(1)该问考查对材料信息的概括能力。“考成法”的考察标准是“惟以安静宜民者为最”;“酌量道里远近,事情缓急,立定程期”,根据事情轻重缓急和路程远近确定事务完成期限;“月有考,岁有稽,不惟使声必中实,事可责成”,每月逐级监督并考核事务完成质量;考核官员赏罚分明。

(2)依据材料分析“考成法”的实施效果:在“考成法”实施中,张居正裁撤了一批冗员,奖励了一批“廉能官员”,“自是,一切术敢饰非,政体为肃”,整顿了吏治,提高了行政效率;然“有司惯于降罚,遂不分缓急,一概严刑并追。”但也出现不分轻重、降罚过严的问题。

单项选择题 A1型题
问答题

It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science it is impossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new, they are by definition unknown in advance. You cannot make choices in this matter. (46) You either have science or you don’t, and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and promptly useful bits.
The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is, in its way, an illuminating piece of news. (47) It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering the way ahead seems. (48) It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that’ represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far from being answered. Because of this, we are depressed. (49) It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not so bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted.
But we are making a beginning and there ought to be some satisfaction. There are probably no questions we can think up that can’t be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness. (50) To be sure, there may well be questions we can’t think up, ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter. Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all our answers if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention.