问题 单项选择题

法律实证主义其实是对于“法实际是什么”的研究,在不同的实证主义者看来,法是不同的实际存在的事物。法律实证主义的三位代表人物约翰·奥斯丁、哈特、汉斯·凯尔森在某天偶遇,对此展开了激烈的辩论。请问下列组合中符合三位学者各自观点的有: ①法就是由主权者颁布的,服从习惯并保证实施的命令 ②那些无法体现为主权者命令的行为准则,就无法使用“法”这个词汇加以描述 ③命令的约束力并非来自本身,而是来自于规范 ④法就是由最高效力的基本规范通过层层授权的方式建立起来的规范体系 ⑤应当将法律界定为由“初级规则”和“次级规则”结合建立起来的规则体系

A.①②

B.③④

C.③④⑤

D.①②⑤

答案

参考答案:A

解析:[考点] 法律实证主义 题干中提到的三位代表是法律实证主义的代表人物。其中,约翰•奥斯丁是该学派的创始人。该派的主要代表人物是纯粹法学派的创始人汉斯•凯尔森和新分析法学派的创始人哈特,他们的学说都是在奥斯丁的法学思想基础上发展起来的。主要的区别是:凯尔森的学说又以康德的不可知论作为思想基础,是比较极端的一派,在形式上与自然法学截然对立;哈特的学说则以现代西方哲学中逻辑实证主义的要领和语言分析法作为特征,比较接近自然法学。“二战”之后,凯尔森的学说已趋动摇,哈特的学说较为流行,从而使分析实证主义法学有重整旗鼓之势。但是,无论是哪种法律实证主义的观点,都认为法是一种实际存在的实物,它并不需要符合外在的、具有更高效力的标准。因此,实在法并不因为与这些标准之间发生矛盾就必然丧失其在法律卜的约束力。汉斯•凯尔森与哈特的观点表述是错误的。其中③④应为汉斯•凯尔森的观点,而⑤是哈特的观点。因此A项是正确的。

单项选择题
阅读理解

Below is some advice on how to sleep better.

1. Maintain a regular bed and wake time schedule

Go to bed at the same time every night. Choose a time when you normally feel tired, so that you don’t toss or turn. Try not to break this routine on weekends when it may be tempting to stay up late. If you want lo changeyour bedtime, help your body adjust by making the changein small daily increments, such as 15 minutes earlier or later each day. As with your bedtime, try to maintain yourregular wake-time even on weekends.

2.Fight after-dinner drowsiness(睡意)

If you find yourself getting sleepy before your bed-time, get off the couch and do something mildly stimulating to avoid falling asleep, such as washing the dishes, calling a friend, or getting clothes ready for the next day. If you give in to the drowsiness, you may wake up later in the night and have trouble getting back to sleep.

3. Keep your room dark and cool

When it’s time to sleep, make sure that your environment is dark. Even dim light —especially those from TV or computer screens —can confuse the body clock. Heavy curtains or shades can help block light from windows, or you can try an eye mask to cover your eyes. The temperature of your bedroom also affects sleep. A bedroom that is too hot or too cold can interfere with quality sleep.

4. Turn off your television

Many people use the television to fall asleep or relaxat the end of the day. You may even have a television inyour bedroom. However, television actually stimulates themind, rather than relaxing it. Part of this is due to con­tent. Late night news and prime time shows frequently have disturbing, violent material. Even non-violent pro­gramming can have commercials that are jarring and loud.

5. Exercise early

Exercise helps promote restful sleep if it is done sev­eral hours before you go to bed. Exercise can help you fall asleep faster and sleep more soundly— as long asit ’s done at the right time. Try to finish exercising at least three hours before bed or work out earlier in the day.

6. Consult your doctor

Use a sleep diary and talk to your doctor. Note what type of sleep problem is affecting your sleep or if you aresleepy when you wish to be awake and alert. Try these tips and record your sleep and sleep-related activities in a sleep diary. If problems continue, discuss the sleep diary with your doctor. There may be an underlying cause and you will want to be properly diagnosed. Your doctor will help treat the problem or may refer you to a sleep specialist.

小题1:To prevent yourself from sleeping too much on weekends, you should________.

A.go lo bed 15 minutes earlier than usual

B.go to bed at usual time

C.go to bed at any time

D.make an adjustment to your bedtime小题2:Which of the following makes it easier for you to have a sound sleep?

A.Watching violent programmesbefore going to bed.

B.Changing your bedtime only a little every day.

C.Using heavy curtains or an eye mask to block light.

D.Completing your workout just before bedtime.小题3:The following ways can help fight after-dinner drowsinessEXCEPT_______.

A.making a telephone call

B.doing some washing

C.getting clothes ready for the next day

D.having a rest on the sofa小题4: If your sleep problems continue, you’d better_____________

A.move into a new house

B.discuss it with your family

C.change your present job

D.turn to the doctor for help