问题 判断题

中国封建时期的五刑制度是在隋《开皇律》中正式确立的。

答案

参考答案:

解析:本题考查的知识点是封建五刑制度。刑罚是古代法律制度的重要组成部分,它的发展与变化,实质上也是整个中国社会发展与进步的浓缩。刑罚体系的发展与变化的原因是多层次的,不同的时代有不同的特点,同时代不同的当权者亦有不同的举措。但是总的发展趋势是由原始、野蛮、落后、残暴向着文明、慎刑方向发展。奴隶社会时期,刑罚以剥夺人的生命和残割人的肢体为特征,但经历了秦汉三国两晋的发展和改革,特别是汉文、景帝的刑罚改革,中国的刑罚制度逐渐走向文明。到隋代,中华法系已经走向成熟,在总结了历代立法经验和教训的基础上,《开皇律》首次明确确立了笞、杖、徒、流、死的封建五刑制度,在法律上废除了肉刑,徒流罪的处刑幅度大为减轻,体现了法律的进步和发展。

填空题

Some consumer researchers distinguish (1) "rational" motives and "emotional" (or "non-rational") motives. They use the term "rationality" (2) the traditional economic sense that assumes (3) consumers behave rationally when they carefully consider all alternatives (4) choose those that give them the greatest utility (i.e., satisfaction). (5) a marketing context, the term "rationality" implies that the consumer selects goods based (6) totally objective criteria, such (7) size, weight, price, and so on. "Emotional" motives imply the selection of goods (8) to personal or subjective criteria—the desire (9) individuality, pride, fear, affection or status.
The assumption underlying this distinction is (10) subjective or emotional criteria do not maximize utility or satisfaction. (11) , it is reasonable to assume that consumers always attempt to select alternatives that, (12) their view, serve to maximize satisfaction. Obviously, the assessment of satisfaction is a very personal process, based (13) the individual’s own needs as (14) as on past behavioral, social, and learning experiences. What may appear (15) irrational to an outside observer may be perfectly rational (16) the context of the consumer’s own psychological field. For example, a product purchased to enhance one’s self-image (such as a fragrance) is a perfectly rational form of consumer behavior. (17) behavior did not appear rational to the person who undertakes it (18) the time that it is undertaken, obviously he or she would not do it. (19) the distinction between rational and emotional motives does not appear to be warranted.
Some researchers go so far (20) to suggest that emphasis (21) "needs" obscures the rational, or conscious, nature of most consumer motivation. They claim that consumers act consciously (22) maximize their gains and minimize their losses; that they act not (23) subconscious drives but from rational preferences, (24) what they perceive to be (25) their own best interests.

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