问题 单项选择题

More than any other industry, the luxury-goods business needs people to feel good about spending money. So at a recent conference in Moscow, Bernard Arnault, the head of Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton (LVMH), the world’s biggest luxury-goods group, went to great lengths to dismiss investors’ fears about the impact on the industry of America’s credit crisis, a possible recession and the weak dollar. Indeed, Mr. Arnault said he expects the industry’s sales almost to double in the next five years, thanks to p demand from emerging markets and the creation of new wealth across the globe.

After a depressing period at the beginning of the decade when the terrorist attacks in America, the outbreak of SARS and the war in Iraq reduced international travel and people’s appetite for frivolous things, the industry has had three excellent years. According to Bain, a consultancy, sales of luxury goods grew by 9% in 2006 to 159 billion ($ 200 billion) and will reach about 170 billion this year, which would double the 1996 figure. Europe remains the biggest market, with about 40% of sales, though the pest growth is in China, Russia, the Middle East and some Latin American countries.

Can the industry really double again in half the time Analysts at Citigroup say that Christmas will be good this year for luxury-goods firms, but they are more cautious about next year because of worries about falling demand in America. It is tempting to think that luxury goods are isolated from the broader economy, because customers are rich enough to ignore it, says Luca Solca, a luxury-goods analyst. But the industry’s expansion into a broader "aspirational" market, by selling to the merely affluent, makes it susceptible.

And as luxury firms expand in Asia and the Americas, they will continue to suffer currency woes. Most of the industry’s production is in the euro-zone, mainly in France and Italy. Even the optimistic Mr. Arnault complained at his firm’s recent annual meeting that the euro had reached "incomprehensible" levels against the dollar and the yen. Luxury companies could shift more of their production to countries with weaker currencies and cheap labor (ie, China), but some customers-especially Asian customers-want the elitism and craftsmanship associated with products manufactured in Europe.

At least sales in emerging markets are growing fast. But Melanie Flouquet, a luxury analyst at JPMorgan, an investment bank, says that this growth is not enough to offset a slowdown in America. Chinese and Russian consumers account for around 7% and 4% of global luxury sales respectively, compared with 16-18% for Americans. Even so, European firms are sticking to their plans in New York, America’s fashion capital. Gucci will open its biggest shop in February in Trump Tower, a shiny skyscraper on New York’s Fifth Avenue. Ermenegildo Zegna will also open a shop on Fifth Avenue next year. And this week Dolce & Gabbana re-opened its spruced-up shop on Madison Avenue.

Claudia D’ Arpizio of Bain thinks luxury makers need to follow Giorgio Armani and segment their customers more carefully with different product lines at different price ranges. She predicts that the industry will see solid growth rates of up to 10% a year in the near term. This means that the industry could double in ten years-by which time China is likely to account for more than a quarter and maybe as much as a third of the world’s consumption of luxury goods. Yet Mr. Arnault’s rosy prediction seems unlikely to come true. As Americans tighten their purse-strings, over-optimism is a luxury even this industry cannot afford.

According to the text, which of the following is probably NOT the reason for the anticipated impact on the luxury industry()

A. The subprime mortgage and subsequent credit crisis in US

B. Possible recession of the world economy

C. Dollar will very probably be weak in the coming months

D. Luxury goods lack innovation and creativity than before

答案

参考答案:D

解析:

本题选项A是美国的次贷危机和信用危机,B是世界经济可能衰退,C是美元可能持续疲软,D是奢TT侈品已愈来愈缺乏创意。从文中的“fears about the impact on the industry of America’s credit crisis,a possible recession and the weak dollar”可以看到其对应是ABC项,而D项不是影响奢侈品的原因,故选D。

阅读理解与欣赏

境 与 象

袁行霈

意境是指诗人的主观情意与客观物境互相交融而形成的、足以使读者沉浸其中的想象世界。但是,所谓主观情意与客观物境的交融,不能简单地理解为情景交融或意境相加。情景交融,这四个字本没有什么不好,也许因为用滥了,反给人以肤浅的感觉。我所说的“主观情意”,不只是“情”,而是包括了思想、感情、志趣、个性等许多因素。所以我有时索性用“情志”这个提法。我所谓“物境”也不等于“景”,“景”只是“物境”的一种,这是常识,无须赘言。至于意境相加则是一种很肤浅的说法,任何一部辞典,也不会把“交融”解释为“相加”。意与境交融之后所生成的这个“意境”是一个新的生命,不明白这一点,就很难讨论关于意境的其他问题了。

这里还有一个境和象的关系问题。刘禹锡所谓“境生于象外”常被人引用和发挥。然而,只要从中国古典诗歌的实际出发(而不是作概念的演绎),联系自己欣赏诗歌的心理活动来考察这个问题,就不难发现,境和象的关系并不这样简单,对刘禹锡这句话的发挥也未必符合他的原意。若论境与象的关系,首先应当承认境生于象,没有象就没有境。刘禹锡虽然说“境生于象外”,但也不否认这一点。细读其《董氏武陵集纪》全文,其中有一段话称赞董侹的诗:“心源为炉,笔端为炭,锻炼元本,雕砻群形,纠纷舛错,逐意奔走。”可见刘禹锡也十分重视象的摄取与加工。

可是,境生于象只说到了问题的一个方面,还有另一个方面就是境超乎象,由象生成的境,并不是一个个象的和,而是一种新的质。意境超出于具体的象之上,也就超越了具体的时间与空间,而有了更大的自由,更多的想象余地。由象到境,犹如从地面飞升到天空;人站在地上,被周围的东西包围着、壅塞着,所看到的是一些具体的景物。一旦翱翔于广袤的天空,就能看到超越于具体景物的一片气象。杜甫登上高高的慈恩寺塔,“俯视但一气,焉能辨皇州”,借用这两句诗可以说明超乎象而进入境的情况。没有大地就没有飞升的起点,但不飞离地面也不能进入意境。善于读诗和鉴赏诗的人都有类似的体验,读诗进入意境的时候,自己的心好像长上了翅膀,自由地飞翔于一个超越时空的无涯无涘(sì水边、河边)的世界之中。

所谓境超乎象,并不意味着意境的形成必须借助意象的比喻、象征、暗示作用。的确,英美意象派所讲的意象多指那些具有比喻、象征、暗示作用的艺术形象,中国古典诗歌中的松、菊、香草、美人,庶几近之。但中国一向对意象的理解却不限于此。那种具有比喻、象征、暗示作用的意象也不很普遍。只要是熟悉中国诗歌的人都知道,意境的形成不一定要靠比喻、象征和暗示。诸如:“野旷天低树,江清月近人。”“大漠孤烟直,长河落日圆。”“孤帆远影碧空尽,唯见长江天际流。”“纷纷暮雪下辕门,风掣红旗冻不翻。”“岱宗夫如何,齐鲁青未了。”“无边落木萧萧下,不尽长江滚滚来。”“楼船夜雪瓜州渡,铁马秋风大散关。”以上这些最见意境的诗句都不是靠比喻、象征、暗示形成的,把英美意象派所讲的意象硬搬过来套在中国传统诗歌的意境上,总显得不那么合身。

总之,境与象的关系全面而确切的表述应该是:境生于象而超乎象。意象是形成意境的材料,意境是意象组合之后的升华。意象好比细微的水珠,意境则是飘浮于天上的云。云是由水聚集而成的,但水珠一旦凝聚为云,则有了云的千姿百态。那飘忽的、变幻的、色彩斑斓、千姿百态的云,它的魅力恰如诗的意境。这恐怕是每一个善于读诗,可以与之谈诗的人都会有的体验。

(选自《学术文化随笔·诗学篇——意与境》,有删改)

小题1:下列对意境及相关概念解说不符合原文意思的一项是(   )

A.意境是艺术家在作品中创造的主观情志和客观物境互相交融的艺术境界,成功的意境可 以使读者沉醉其中。

B.诗歌的意境不是诗人主观情意与客观物境的简单组合,而是两者交融后所形成的能让读者陶醉其中的新的审美境界。

C.意境的形成可以借助意象的比喻、象征、暗示作用,给欣赏者以联想和想象的空间。

D.境生于象而超乎象。意象是形成意境的材料,意境是意象组合之后的升华,意境一旦形成,即和原来的意象脱离了关系。小题2:对文中材料作用的理解,正确的一项是(   )

A.引用“心源为炉,笔端为炭……逐意奔走”,意在证明长期以来人们对刘禹锡“境生于象外”的理解和发挥是正确的。

B.借用杜甫“俯视但一气,焉能辨皇州”这两句诗,意在形象地阐述“境生于象又超乎象”这一诗歌意境鉴赏理论。

C.用“大漠孤烟直,长河落日圆”等最见意境的诗句,是为了说明中国古典诗歌意境的创造都不是靠比喻、象征、暗示形成的。

D.用“意象好比细微的水珠,意境则是飘浮于天上的云”这一比喻,是为了准确描述诗歌意象审美活动时的心理体验。小题3:下列说法中,符合原文意思的一项是(   )

A.言论境和象的关系,就必须承认“境由象生”,即刘禹锡所说的“境生于象外”,后人对刘禹锡说法的理解是不正确的。

B.“境生于象”应该包括两层含义:一是没有象便没有境;二是意境不是具体的象之和,而是对具体的象的超越与升华。

C.大凡善于读诗的人都会有这样的体验:诗歌的意境,恰如广袤无垠的世界,读者的心就如长了翅膀,自由翱翔在诗歌本身所创造的和读者所想像的时空之中。

D.借鉴英美意象派的“意象”理论来解释和欣赏中国古典诗歌的意境,可以很好地解决中国文艺理论界的困境,也更有助于把握中国古典诗歌意境的本质特征。

实践题