Children in any society are expected to learn to conform to a number of social rules and expectations if they are to become participants in the culture. (46)Among the rules that children in our society are expected to learn are that certain classes of adults (such as teachers and doctors) are addressed by titles, that males and females use separate restroom facilities, and that women but not men wear dresses. These are examples of social conventions. In the absence of such a shared norm, the acts are neither right nor wrong. For this reason, conventions may be said to be arbitrary. For example, (47)we could just as easily have students address teachers by first names as have them call teachers by their last names and formal titles of Mr. or Ms.
Conventions, however, serve an important function by providing predictability and order to social life. (48)Without social conventions it would be impossible to organize social institutions such as schools, and societies as organized systems could not exist. The arbitrariness of conventions makes their importance difficult for children to figure out. (49) It is not until some time in adolescence that children come to fully understand the function that these arbitrary conventions serve to provide predictability and order to our social interactions.
In contrast with issues of convention are matters of morality. Morality refers to issues of human welfare, justice, and rights that are a function of the inherent features of interpersonal relations. Because of this, the right and wrong of moral actions are not simply determined by social consensus or the views of authority. For example, it is not possible to hit another person with force and not hurt the other person. Similarly, it is not possible to steal something valuable from someone else and not cause the person to experience the sense of loss. A moral judgment about unprovoked harm ( "It is wrong to hit") would not be dependent on the existence of a socially agreed upon rule or standard but could be generated solely from the intrinsic effects of the act (i.e., hitting hurts). (50)Similar analyses could be done regarding a broader range of issues that would extend beyond direct harm to concerns for what it means to be just, compassionate, and considerate of the rights of others.
参考答案：身处我们这个社会，孩子们应当了解一些规则，譬如称呼特定阶层的成人(如老师、医生)时要用特定的称谓，男人和女人使用不同的卫生间，女人穿裙子而男人不穿等。
解析：[原文再现] Among the rules that children in our society are expected to learn are that certain classes of adults (such as teachers and doctors) are addressed by titles, that males and females use separate restroom facilities, and that women but not men wear dresses．
[结构分析] 本句为介词短语Among the rules位于句首时的完全倒装句，正常语序为that certain classes...dresses are among the rules that children...to learn，其中that certain classes...dresses为主语从句，表语部分包含了一个以rules为先行词的定语从句that children in our society are expected to learn。
[译点分析]
(1)be expected to: 直译为“有望……；被期待……”，可意译为“应当……”。
(2)Among...learn: 为句子的表语部分，由于倒装而前置，直译为“在我们社会的孩子应当学习的规则中……”，翻译时可根据中文习惯，灵活地变换句子结构。
(3)in our society: 该词组可转译为独立的动宾结构“身处我们这个社会”。
(4)are addressed by titles: address一词多义，这里是“称呼”的意思，be addressed这个被动语态在翻译时应按照中文习惯处理为主动语态，即“称呼某人”而不是“某人被称呼”。