问题 材料题

阅读下列材料:

材料一 (朱元璋)因考虑到“人主以一身统御天下,不可无辅臣”,遂于是年九月“置四辅官”。要求他们“宜体朕怀,心常格神,行常履道,位理赞化,以安生民”。——魏千志《明清史概论》

材料二 (明朝)大学士叶向高,言:我朝阁臣,只备论思顾问之职,原非宰相。中有一二权势稍重者,皆上窃君上之威灵,下侵六曹之职掌,终以取祸。臣备员六年,百凡皆奉圣断,分毫不敢欺负。部务尽听主者,分毫不敢与闻。——《明神宗实录》

材料三 “光荣革命”后的一段时间里,国王仍能独立行使行 * * ……此时的君主立宪政体仍显粗糙……汉诺威王朝的乔治一世和乔治二世来自德意志,不谙英国事务,很少出席内阁会议。时间一长,国王不出席内阁会议便也成了惯例。而且,从1714年之后,乔治一世再也没有否决过内阁会议的决定,事实上放弃了对行 * * 的控制。这样,内阁会议先就国事作出决定,然后提交国王认可。如此,一个对议会负责的内阁政府形成了。——《历史教学研究与资源》

请回答:

(1)据材料一、三,分析中英两国内阁制形成的原因。

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(2)据材料二、三,比较明朝内阁与英国内阁的不同之处。

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(3)据上述材料和所学知识,分析中、英两国内阁制度对本国历史发展产生的主要影响。

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答案

(1)原因:明朝:废丞相后,皇帝无法处理所有的政务。英国:资产阶级不满国王把持行 * * ;汉诺威王朝国王不谙英国事务,为内阁摆脱国王的控制提供了有利时机。

(2)不同:明朝:不是法定的一级中央行政机构(或只是皇帝的顾问机构);对皇帝负责。英国:是最高行政机构;对议会负责。

(3)影响:明朝:进一步强化了封建君主专制制度;使中国落后于西方。英国:使君主立完制更加完善;为资本主义社会的发展提供了保证。

单项选择题

The question of what children learn and how they should learn it is continually being debated and redebated. Nobody dares any longer to defend the old system, the learning of lessons parrot-fashion and the grammar with-a-whip system, which was good enough for our grandparents. The theorists of modem psychology have stepped in to argue that we must understand the needs of children. Children are not just small adults; they are children who must be respected as such.
Well, you may say, this is as it should be, and a good idea. But think further. What happens "Education" becomes the responsibility not of teachers, but of psychologists. What happens then Teachers worry too much about the psychological implications of their lessons, and forget about the subjects themselves. If a child dislikes a lesson, the teacher feels that it is his fault, not the child’s. So teachers worry whether history is "relevant" to modem young children. And do they dare to recount stories about violent battles Or will this make the children themselves violent Can they tell their classes about children of different races, or will this encourage racial hatred Why teach children to write grammatical sentences Verbal expression is better. Sums Arithmetic No, no; real-life mathematical situations are more understandable.
You see you can go too far. Influenced by educational theorists, who have nothing better to do than write books about their ideas, teachers leave their teacher-training colleges filled with grand, psychological ideas about children and their needs. They make elaborate, sophisticated preparations and try out their "modem methods" on the long-suffering children. Since one "modem method" rapidly replaces another, the poor kids will have had a good bellyful by the time they leave school. Frequently the modem methods are so sophisticated that they fail to be understood by the teachers, let alone the children; even more often, the relaxed discipline, so essential for the "informal" feeling the class must have, prevents all but a handful of children from learning anything.

People dare not defend the old system mainly because under the old system ______.

A.children were made to learn passively

B.children were spoiled

C.children were treated as grown-ups

D.too much grammar was taught to children

单项选择题