问题 问答题 简答题

系统结构与系统功能之间的相互关系是什么?举例说明。

答案

参考答案:

系统“功能”与“结构”是“外在表现”与“内因”的关系。

首先,系统结构是实现系统功能的基础,一定的功能总是由一定的结构系统所产生的。各孤立的要素只有通过结构被连成一个整体,才能表现出一定的功能。

其次,系统结构决定了系统的功能,系统结构的改变必然引起系统功能的改变。例如,一个企业可看作是一个系统,同样的劳动者、同样的生产设备,但由于企业经营战略的改变及组织结构的改变,就会导致企业的产出(生产效率和经济效益)大不相同。可见,结构不完全相同的两个系统,其功能表现总会存在差异。

但是,系统功能对系统结构又具有反作用。系统的功能并非机械地依赖于结构,它有一定的相对的独立性。功能在与环境的相互作用中,会出现与结构不相适应的异常状态。当这种状态持续一段时间时,就会刺激并迫使结构发生变化,以适应环境的需要。

例如,由于经济环境的变化,企业结构由生产型转变为经营型、开拓型;再如,由于信息技术和网络技术的发展,物流系统的结构将向分布式方向发展。

总之,功能是系统外在的表现,结构是系统内在的规律,系统结构决定着系统的功能,而系统功能又对系统结构有反作用力,它们互相作用而又互相影响。

选择题
单项选择题

The fact that most Americans live in urban areas does not mean that they reside in the center of large cities. In fact, more Americans live in the suburbs of large metropolitan areas than in the cities themselves.
The Bureau of the Census regards any area with more than 2,500 people as an urban area, and does not consider boundaries of cities and suburbs.
According to the Bureau, the political boundaries are less significant than the social and economic relationships and the transportation and communication systems that integrate a locale. The term used by the Bureau for an integrated metropolis is an MSA, which stands for Metropolitan Statistical Area. In general, an MSA is any area that contains a city and its surrounding suburbs and has a total population of 50,000 or more.
At the present time, the Bureau reports more than 280 MSAs, which together account for 75 percent of the US population. In addition, the Bureau recognizes 18 megapolises, that is, continuous adjacent metropolitan areas. One of the most obvious megapolises includes a chain of hundreds of cities and suburbs across 10 states on the East Coast from Massachusetts to Virginia, including Boston, New York, and Washington, D.C. In the Eastern Corridor, as it is called, a population of 45 million inhabitants is concentrated. Another megapolis that is growing rapidly is the California coast from San Francisco through Los Angeles to San Diego.

Which of the following are NOT considered important in defining an urban area

A.Political boundaries.

B.Transportation networks.

C.Social relationships.

D.Economic systems.