问题 问答题 简答题

举例说明社会科学研究中事实描述与价值评价的关系。

答案

参考答案:

(1)社会科学的研究对象是人类社会的各种现象。社会现象是由无数个人的有意识有目的的活动构成

的,它既有客观事实性的一面,又蕴含着价值的维度,因而,社会科学研究过程中既需要作出事实认知,又需要给予价值评价。

(2)社会科学研究的价值评价,既要客观地把握社会自身包含的价值维度,从而具有科学的社会认知功能,又要体现研究者所属群体的价值取向,从而表现出特定的主体性和价值观。如因价值尺度各异,出现“公说公有理”、“婆说婆有理”。

(3)社会现象的“事实描述”,应当根据自己的观察和调查所获得的材料,结合别人已有的调查材料,互相对照,然后去伪存真、去粗取精地加以整理,最后作出描述和判断,坚持“观察的客观性。如格言:几何公理要是触犯了人们的利益,那也一定会遭到反驳。

(4)在今天这样一个价值多元化的时代,我们尤其需要通过对价值与事实的关系的认识,找到正确评价各种价值观的准绳,正确引领社会思潮。马克思主义的社会科学方法论,要求社会科学研究把事实与价值、科学认知的真理性与价值评价的合理性有机地统一起来,客观地认识社会的性质和矛盾运动,正确地理解并把握人类自身的命运和使命。

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根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

Reading Better and Faster

For most people, it is easy to learn to read faster. Your reading rate is often just a matter of habit.    小题1:   

Preview a passage before you actually sit down and read words. You can look over the title of the passage, look at all the headings and subheadings, and look at any pictures or illustrations, charts or graphs.    小题2:   If you have a general idea of what the passage is about before you really read it, you will be able to understand and remember the passage better.

Read in a “questioning” manner—as if you were searching for something.    小题3:   For example, if the heading of a section in the passage is “The causes of the Civil War”, take that title and switch it into a question like: “What are the causes of the Civil?” Now you have a goal; something to look for; something to find out. When you are goal-oriented, you are more likely to reach the goal. At least you’ 11 remember one thing about the passage which you have just read.

Read in thought groups. Studies have shown that when we read, our eyes must make small stops along the line.    小题4:   Not only does this slow you down, but it inhibits comprehension because meaning is easier to pull from groups of words rather than from individual words or even single letters. Try to read in phrases of three or four words, especially in complete clauses and prepositional phrases. Your mind may internalize them as if the whole phrase is like one big meaning-rich word.

   小题5:   Poor readers always read at the same slow rate. An efficient reader speeds up for easier material and slow down for the hard. Some things were not meant to be read quickly at all. Legal materials and very difficult texts should be read slowly. Easier materials and magazines and newspapers can be read quickly. Poetry and plays were meant to be performed, and if not acted out, then at least, spoken out loud orally.

A.Poor readers make many more fixations than good readers.

B.You may need to try to change some habits and try some tips.

C.Vary your reading rate to suit the difficulty and type of writing of the text.K]

D.Poor readers habitually read and reread the same phrase over and over again.E. If you do the preview correctly, you should have some very good general ideas.

F. There are some simple methods that you can use to pay better attention to your text.

G. It sometimes helps if you take the heading or title of a chapter and turn it into a question.