问题 材料题

历史学家李洵认为:“明代江南地区的‘士大夫’是t六世纪以来中国历史上有特点的社会势力。他们凭借着江南地区发达的经济文化有利条件,通过各种途径获取政治上的功名,然后扩展经济实力,引领当时的社会风潮,在江南社会中扮演着极其重要的角色。”阅读下列材料:

材料一:士大夫家多以纺绩求利。其俗勤啬好殖,以故富庶。……如华亭相(徐阶)在位,多蓄织妇,岁计所积,与市为贾。——[明]于慎行《谷山笔麈》卷四

材料二:江南役重甲天下……祖父以役累中落。……启中举,尽免其役,家业复振。……(植蚕)与市为贾,骤富焉,市人多效之。——《徐光启文集》卷十一

材料三:(松江)嘉、隆以来,豪门贵室,导奢导淫,博带儒冠,长 * * 长傲,日有奇闻叠出,岁多新事百端。……伦教荡然,纲常已矣。——[明]范濂《云间据目抄》卷二

材料四前明吾乡(苏州)富家甚多,席费千钱而不为丰,长夜流酒而不知醉。……有邹望,亦有田三十万亩,童仆三千人……而好讼致穷。——[清]钱泳《登楼杂记》

(1)据材料一、二,概括江南士大夫致富的主要途径。

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(2)据材料三、四,士大夫的活动引起了江南社会风气的那些变化?

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(3)有学者认为,明代江南士大夫既是资本主义萌芽的促进者,又是其阻碍者,请依据以上材料并结合所学知识阐释学者的观点。

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答案

(1)科举(免役);发展工商业。

(2)崇尚奢侈;逾越传统伦理(道德沦丧);好诉讼。

(3)促进:带动了商品经济的发展。阻碍:士大夫受到重农抑商观念的束缚;致富后主要用于购地、消费;没有用于扩大再生产。

选择题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

    As a child, I was really afraid of the dark and of getting lost. These fears were very real and caused me

some uncomfortable moments.

    Maybe it was the strange way things looked and sounded in my own room at night that scared me so

much. There was never complete darkness, but always a streetlight or passing car lights, which made clothes

on the back of a chair take on the shape of a wild animal. Out of the corner of my eye, I saw the curtains (窗

帘) seem to move when there was no wind. A very low sound in the floor would seem a hundred times louder

than in the day. My imagination (想象) would run wild, and my heart would beat fast. I would lie very still so

that the "enemy (敌人)" would not discover me.

    Another of my childhood fears was that I would get lost, especially on the way home from school. Every

morning I got on the school bus right near my home. That was no problem. After school, though, when all the

buses were lined up along the street, I was afraid that I would get in the wrong one and be taken to some other

strange places. On school or family trips to a park or a museum, I wouldn't let the leaders out of my sight.

    Perhaps one of the worst fears of all I had as a child was that of not being liked or accepted by others.

Being popular was so important to me then, and the fear of not being liked was a serious one.

    One of the processes (过程) growing up is being able to realize and overcome our fears. Understanding the

things that scared us as children helps us achieve greater success later in life.

1. The author had _____ kind (s) of fears when she was a child. [ ]

A. one

B. two

C. three

D. none

2. _____ would scare the author at night. [ ]

A. Streetlight and car lights

B. Strange sights and sounds

C. Walking up and down the room

D. Wild animals and enemies

3. When she went to some other places, she would _____. [ ]

A. walk away without others

B. take a bus by herself

C. make sure not to take a wrong bus

D. follow others closely

4. Which of the following would be possibly true when she was a child? [ ]

A. She always got poor grades (=marks).

B. She was always the leader of the others.

C. She was usually popular among people.

D. She was hated by others, for she always walked ahead of the others.

5. The underlined word "overcome" means "_____" in Chinese. [ ]

A. 接受

B. 忍受

C. 克服

D. 信服