问题 单项选择题

开发专家系统时,通过描述事实和规则由模式匹配得出结论,这种情况下适用的开发语言是()。

A.面向对象语言

B.函数式语言

C.过程式语言

D.逻辑式语言

答案

参考答案:D

解析:

本题考查的是程序设计语言的基本知识。

程序设计语言是用于编写计算机程序的语言。按照程序设计语言的级别可以分为低级语言和高级语言。低级语言有机器语言和汇编语言,它与特定的机器有关、功效高,但使用繁琐、复杂、易出错。相比而言,高级语言更接近待解决问题的表示方法,具有与具体机器无关、易学、易用、易维护的特点。

面向对象语言的出发点是为了更直接地描述客观世界中存在的事物(对象)以及它们之间的关系。面向对象语言是一类以对象作为基础程序结构单位的程序设计语言,其中对象是基本运算单位,由它的私有数据类型以及对这些数据类型进行处理的操作(即方法)组成。面向对象语言的主要特点有数据抽象、信息隐蔽、信息继承、多态性、动态绑定等。典型的面向对象语言有C++、Java、Smalltalk等。

函数式程序设计的数据结构本质上是表,而函数又可以作为值出现在表中,因此函数式程序的控制结构取决于函数,以及函数的定义和调用。函数式语言主要用于符号数据处理,如微分和积分演算、数理逻辑、游戏推演以及人工智能等其他领域。典型的函数式程序设计语言有LISP等。

过程式语言是面向动作的传统的程序设计语言,即一个计算过程可看做是一系列动作。一个过程式语言程序由一系列的语句组成,每个语句的执行引起若干存储单元中值的改变。过程式语言的特点是通过使用赋值语句改变变量的状态来完成各种任务。典型的过程式语言有Fortran、COBOL、Pascal等。

逻辑式程序设计语言编写程序时不需要描述具体的解题过程,只需要给出一些必要的事实和规则。这些规则是解决问题的方法的规范说明,根据这些事实和规则,计算机利用谓词逻辑,通过演绎推理得到求解问题的执行序列。这种语言主要用在人工智能领域,也应用在自然语言处理、数据库查询、算法描述等方面,尤其适合于作为专家系统的开发工具。典型的逻辑型程序设计语言有Prolog等。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Vanilla is my best friend. She is a lovely girl with two big, beautiful eyes. But she always hides them

behind a pair of black glasses. 

     One day, though, I nearly ended our friendship. I remember that day clearly. We were sitting in class.

The teacher was giving us our results for a Chinese test. I had done badly. I felt so sad that I wouldn't talk

to anyone. At lunchtime, I even stayed in the classroom alone. Suddenly, I heard a voice. It was Vanilla. "You look very unhappy," she said. "What's wrong?" I looked up at her, but said nothing. I knew Vanilla

had got a good mark in the test. I thought she was making fun of me. I stayed silent (安静), but Vanilla

didn't go away. She kept asking me questions: "Is it because of the exam? Do you want me to show you

the right answers?" I looked away from her. When I looked up again, Vanilla had gone. And so had my

exam paper! I didn't know what to do. I looked everywhere for my paper, but couldn't find it. 

     In the afternoon, Vanilla came up to my desk and gave me my exam paper back. I looked at it and

got a big surprise. Vanilla had written the right answer next to every one of my mistakes(错误). My face

went red. Vanilla had been trying to help me all along. How mean (卑劣的) I had been to her when she

was being so nice. I wanted to hug her, but all I did was to hold her hands and said, "Thank you." That

afternoon, Vanilla and I walked home together. I felt so happy that I had to thank her again. We were

still best friends.

1. The sentences " But she always hides them behind a pair of black glasses." Really means _____.

A. she doesn't want others to see her eyes

B. there is something wrong with her eyes

C. she likes to wear dark glasses          

D. she is often shy

2. The writer felt sad because _____ in the Chinese test.

A. she got a good mark              

B. Vanilla had done better than her

C. she didn't have a good mark          

D. the teacher was angry with her

3. Vanilla really came to the writer to _____.

A. make fun of her                    

B. help her

C. find out what had happened to her    

D. show her the right answers

4. Vanilla left the writer because she _____.

A. wanted to write the right answers for the writer

B. didn't know what to do to help her friend

C. was angry with the writer

D. wanted to go home for lunch

5. Which of the following phrases has the same meaning as "make fun of"?

A. Saying "hello" to.                  

B. Seeing me off.

C. Looking after.                      

D. Laughing at.

填空题