1816年以后的十年间，圣马丁率领起义军横扫西班牙军队，解放了西班牙在南美的殖民地，被誉为“南美的解放者”。1857—1859年印度爆发了声势浩大的民族大起义，贞德是这次起义的杰出女英雄。

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何谓刚性轴和挠性轴？