问题 材料题

  阅读材料,回答问题:

  材料一 人们全然不可能设想一个比这更好的政府,在那里事无巨细均由相互制约的大衙门审理,……中国的一切都通过这些衙门的自我调节。 ——伏尔泰

  材料二 人们曾想使君主以专制主义支配法律,但是任何事物与专制主义联系在一起都会丧失其力量。中国的专制主义在灾难深重的巨大压力下,也曾试图给自己套上锁链,但最终完全徒劳无益;它用自己的锁链武装起自己,而且变得更加凶残。因此,中国是一个以恐怖为原则的专制主义的国家。或许在最初的朝代,帝国的疆域还没有如此广大,政府的专制主义倾向稍逊;而如今的情形就完全不同了。 ——孟德斯鸠《论法的精神》

  材料三 究竟是一个党好,还是几个党好?现在看来,恐怕是几个党好。…… * * 党可以监督民主党派,民主党派也可以监督 * * 党。为什么要让民主党派监督 * * 党呢?这是因为一个党同一个人一样,耳边很需要听到不同的声音。  一一毛 * * 《论十大关系》

  材料四 看一个政体是不是民主政体,不能看是不是具备了某些形式,关键是要看它是否建立在法治之上,能否建构一种科学的监督机制,能否把民主与集中合理地结合起来……。  ——摘自“对现代国家制度的新思考”(《人民日报》2008年9月26日)

(1)试以上图所示制度的特点论证材料一的观点。

(2)孟德斯鸠极力倡导的“权力制衡”精神,是对上图所示中国大衙门“相互制约”精神的抄袭吗?为什么?

(3)据材料二,指出孟德斯鸠认为中国专制主义加强的原因。他对当时中国政治特点的认识是否符合实际?

(4)材料三体现了新中国的哪项政治制度?结合材料四分析这项政治制度的优越性。

(5)上图和材料三所体现的两种政治模式在形式上有何共性? 概括说明这两种政治模式在本质上的不同。

答案

(1)唐朝的三省六部职权有分工,也有合作,相互牵制和监督,彼此调节和配合,从而使封建官僚机构形成完整严密的体系,提高了行政效率,加强了中央统治力量。

(2)不是。唐朝的“相互制约”是皇权之下中央政府内部的相互制约,是维护封建君主专制的。孟德斯鸠主张的是立法、司法、行政三权彼此独立、互相监督,是对封建制度的否定,是维护民主制度的。(3)原因:专制权力不受约束;帝国的疆域日益扩大。符合实际,当时中国正处在清王朝统治时期,君主专制发展到了顶峰。

(4)政治制度:中 * * 党领导的多党合作和政治协商的政治制度。把民主集中制与科学的监督机制结合起来,具有无可比拟的优越性。

(5)共性:权力的制约与监督。唐朝的三省六部制体现了封建专制统治的特点,政治协商制度体现了社会主义民主政治的特点。

填空题

Motivation is "the driving force within individuals that impels them to action." And goals are the sought-after results_____(1) motivated behavior.Motivation can be either positive or negative_____(2) direction. We may feel a driving force toward some object or condition, _____(3) a driving force away from some object or condition. For example, a person may be impelled toward a restaurant to fulfill a need, hunger, and away_____(4) an airplane to fulfill a need of safety. Some psychologists refer to positive drives_____(5) needs, wants or desires,_____(6) negative drives as fears or aversions._____ (7), though negative and positive motivational forces seem to differ dramatically_____(8) terms of physical and sometimes emotional activity, they are basically similar in_____(9) they both serve to initiate and sustain human behavior.____(10) this reason, researchers often refer _____(11) both kinds of drives or motives as needs, wants and desires.Goals, _____(12), can be either positive or negative. A positive goal is one toward_____ (13) behavior is directed and it is often referred to as an approach object. A negative goal is _____(14) from which behavior is directed away and it is sometimes referred to as an avoidance object. Since both approach and avoidance goals can be considered objectives of motivated behavior, most researchers refer to_____(15) types simply as goals. Consider this example. A middle-aged woman may wish to remain_____(16) attractive as possible. Her positive goal is to appear desirable, and_____(17) she may use a perfume advertised to make her irresistible. A negative goal may be to prevent her skin_____(18) aging, and therefore she may buy and use face creams._____(19) the former case, she uses perfume to help her achieve her positive goal — attractiveness; in the____(20) case, she uses face creams to help avoid a negative goal — wrinkled skin.

单项选择题