问题 问答题

论证有效性分析:分析下述论证中存在的缺陷和漏洞,选择若干要点,写一篇600字左右的文章,对该论证的有效性进行分析和评论。(论证有效性分析的一般特点是:概念特别是核心概念的界定和使用是否准确并前后一致,有无各种明显的逻辑错误,论证的论据是否成立并支持结论,结论成立的条件是否充分,等等。)
有这样一个广告:萨路达矿泉水富含多种有保健功能的矿物质,且出产该矿泉水的萨路达的居民患病的比例低于全国水平,于是认为尽管萨路达泉水价格不菲,但饮用它仍是对身体健康的明智投资。

答案

参考答案:[参考例文]

一个让人难以信服的建议

有这样一个广告:萨路达矿泉水富含多种有保健功能的矿物质,且出产该矿泉水的萨路达的居民患病的比例低于全国水平,于是认为尽管萨路达泉水价格不菲,但饮用它仍是对身体健康的明智投资。
该广告存在诸多漏洞,让人很难信服。
首先,该广告存在着强拉因果的问题。该广告因为萨路达居民身体好,所以建议人们饮用萨路达矿泉水,这恐怕理由不足。因为,该广告没有提供萨路达居民是否都饮用矿泉水的证明。很有可能萨路达居民并不饮用萨路达矿泉水,这样一来,萨路达居民的患病率低就与萨路达矿泉水好显然没有关系。因此,该广告将萨路达矿泉水富含多种有保健功能的矿物质,与萨路达居民患病率低联系在一起,并建议人们饮用,这一结论就缺乏有力的依据,未免有点强拉因果。
其次,该广告存在着认识片面的问题。即使萨路达地区居民都是饮用该矿泉水的,也不能得出患病率低是饮用该矿泉水的结果,因为论者忽略了使身体健康的因素有很多,譬如是饮食结构、卫生习惯、酷爱锻炼或者其他什么原因造成的,很可能与饮用矿泉水无关。因此,饮用矿泉水决不会是主要的,更不会是唯一的原因。所以,该广告将患病率低与饮用该矿泉水联系起来的认识是片面的。
再次,该广告还存在着主观武断的问题。论者说饮用萨路达矿泉水是明智的投资,这种说法显然有点武断。该广告忽略了身体所需的矿物质种类繁多,即便萨路达矿泉水确实富含多种有保健功能矿物质,确实对身体有好处,也不能只对萨路达矿泉水进行投资,因为矿物质仅是身体健康所需物质中之一。光喝萨路达矿泉水是不能保证健康的,长期饮用,很容易营养不全,对身体无利反害。况且其价格不菲,无形中会影响对其他健康方面的投资。可见,该广告提出的投资萨路达矿泉水的建议,不是明智的,此投资建议不足为信。
类似的问题还有,例如有的理由是一种假设,这里就不再一一加以叙述了。
总之,由以上分析,可以看出该广告的论据与论断之间没有必然的联系,结论缺乏充分的依据,其建议实在让人难以信服。
所以,该广告建议不可取。

解析:
本文抓住主要错误,从强拉因果、认识片面、主观武断三个方面,对该广告建议存在的漏洞进行了分析。分析得有理有据,表明了作者鲜明的否定态度,指出该广告建议实在让人难以信服,不可取。
本文行文条理清晰,逻辑性强,语言简练,颇有特色。

阅读理解
African-American talk show queen Oprah Winfrey is the world’s most powerful celebrity (名人), according to Forbes (福布斯) magazine. It placed Winfrey at the top of the annual ranking of the 100 people with the biggest pull (影响力).
Winfrey, 51, draw 30 million viewers weekly in the United States. Her talk show reaches 112 countries. She earned US $225 million over the past 12 months to rank second in celebrity riches. The annual Forbes list gives most weight to annual earnings. But it also looks at the celebrity’s presence on the Internet and in the media. “After 21 years, her exciting chat show still rules the airwaves,” the magazine said.
Winfrey is most popular with her popular talk show “The Oprah Winfrey Show”. She can always attract the superstars and let them open up to her intimate interviewing style. Winfrey’s approach appears to be simple. She is in a pursuit (追求)of self-improvement and self-empowerment. This has proved to be just what people, especially women, want.
Winfrey often talks about her personal secrets on her show. That pulls in viewers. For example, she made it known that she had been sexually abused as a child, and has spoken freely of her struggle with her weight.
Her success has not just been on the screen. Her media group includes a women’s TV network and websites for women. Her work has extended to social change. In 1991, she did a lot of work for the National Child Protection Act. She testified before the US Senate to establish a national database (数据库)of dangerous child abusers. The then President Bill Clinton later signed the “Oprah Bill” into law.
小题1:The annual Forbes list selects its celebrities according to ____.
A.their namesB.their annual earnings
C.their presence on the Internet and in the media
D.their annual earnings and presence in the public
小题2:Which of the following statements is WRONG?
A.Oprah Winfrey was the first of the 100 celebrities according to Forbes magazine.
B.Oprah’s success has been only on the screen.
C.Oprah can attract superstars and get them to open up to her interview.
D.Oprah ranked second in celebrity riches that year.
小题3:The underlined phrase “rules the airwaves” in the passage means ____.
A.attracts many readers’ attentionB.causes many people to take planes
C.has a large number of viewersD.measures the airwaves
小题4:What’s the best title of the passage?
A.Oprah Winfrey Conquering the Americans.B.Oprah Winfrey—the No 1 Celebrity.
C.Forbes Ranking First.D.The Oprah Winfrey Show.
单项选择题