问题 单项选择题

阅读下面短文,回答下 * * 道题。

一个细菌经过20分钟左右就可以一分为二,一根葡萄枝切成十段就可能变成十株葡萄,一株草莓依靠它沿地“爬走”的匍匐茎,一年内就能长出数百株草莓苗……凡此种种,都是生物靠自身的一分为二或叫、部分的扩大来繁衍后代的,这就是无性繁殖。无性繁殖的英文名称叫Clone,译音为“克隆”。现在,“克隆”的含义已不仅指无性繁殖,也包括“无性繁殖系”。凡是来自一个祖先的无性繁殖的一群个体叫“无性繁殖系”,简称无性系。

自然界的许多动物,在正常情况下都是依靠父方产生的雄性细胞(精子)与母方产生的雌性细胞(卵子)融合(受精)成受精卵(合子),再由受精卵经过一系列细胞分裂长成胚胎,最终形成新的个体,这种依靠父母双方提供的性细胞,并经两性细胞融合产生后代的繁殖方法叫有性繁殖。但是,如果我们用外科手术将一个胚胎分割成两块、四块、八块……最后通过特殊的方法使一个胚胎长成两个、四个、八个……生物体,这些生物体就是克隆个体,而这一群个体就叫做无性繁殖系。

克隆羊“多利”就是这样被“创造”出来的。英国爱丁堡罗斯林研究所的威尔莫特等人先给“苏格兰黑面羊”注射促性腺素,促使它排卵后,用极细的吸管从卵细胞中取出核。与此同时,从怀孕三个月的“芬多席特”六龄母羊的乳腺细胞中取出核,将它注入“苏格兰黑面羊”的卵细胞中,手术完成后,用相同频率的电脉冲刺激换核卵,让“苏格兰黑面羊”卵细胞质与“芬多席特”母羊乳腺细胞的核相互协调,使这个“组装”细胞在试管里经历受精卵那样的分裂、发育而形成胚胎的过程。然后,将胚胎巧妙地植入另一只母羊的子宫里。经过一段时间后,这只“护理”体外形成胚胎的母羊产下了小绵羊“多利”。“多利”不是由母羊的卵细胞和公羊的精细胞受精的产物,而是“换核卵”一步步发展的结果。

克隆羊的诞生在世界各国引起了震惊,原因在于卵细胞中换进去的是体细胞的核,而不是胚胎细胞核。这个结果证明:动物体中执行特殊功能、具有特定形态的所谓高度分化的细胞与受精卵一样具有发育成完整个体的潜在能力。也就是说,动物细胞与植物细胞一样,也具有全能性。

下列对文意的分析正确的一项是()。

A.在正常情况下,动植物都是靠有性繁殖来繁衍后代的,克隆是人们利用科学技术对原有繁衍方式改造的结果。

B.有性繁殖和无性繁殖的区别在于,有性繁殖是受精细胞经过分裂而长成胚胎,无性繁殖是通过细胞核的分裂而长成胚胎。

C.“多利”是科学家用它父母的体细胞通过外科手术的方法“组装”出的克隆体,因此克隆羊“多利”没有亲生父母。

D.克隆羊的诞生在世界各国引起了震惊,原因在于这种技术表明利用动物的体细胞也能发展成完整的生命个体。

答案

参考答案:D

解析:

D项是对全文的一个总结,充分表达了该文的主要意思。而其余三项的表述均不准确。

完形填空

阅读表达(共5小题;每小题3分, 共15分)

阅读下面短文, 请根据短文后的要求进行答题(请注意问题后的字数要求)。

〔1〕The harmful effects on children were summed up last year in a report by the National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. Problems begin early, as the infants of depressed mothers cry more than other babies. They have greater fear of strangers and less tolerance for frustration. Starting in preschool and across all stages of childhood, they have more behavior problems at school and higher rates of depression and anxiety disorders.

〔2〕By adolescence, children with depressed parents have poorer social relations than the teens of parents________, and they’ re more likely to be dependent on alcohol and drugs. Depression in parents also is linked to more behavior problems at school and higher rates of depression and anxiety disorders, according to studies in the report.

〔3〕And some harmful effects of growing up with a depressed parent appear to remain intoadulthood. A 20-year study on kids of depressed parents found that those with depressed parents suffered about three times the rate of anxiety disorders and depression by their 30s, and they were in poorer health than peers and much more likely to be dependent on drugs and alcohol. The study, believed to be the longest ever done, was published in the American Journal of Psychiatry in 2006. These effects may not only be longlasting but also farreaching. Serious depression affects about one in five American parents, and 15.6 million children live with an adult who has had major depression in the last year. 

〔4〕As knowledge about the effects of parental depression has grown, so too has research into how to fight those effects. Studies suggest, for example, that changing destructive parenting practices and teaching children good coping strategies can make a big, positive difference in kids.

76. What is mainly talked about in the text? (no more than 10 words)

_______________________________________________________________________________

77. Which sentence in the text is closest in meaning to the following one? 

With a better understanding of the effects of depressed parents, research is also being conducted on how to prevent those effects.

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78. Fill in the blank in Paragraph 2 with proper words. (no more than 5 words)

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79. List three negative effects of parental depression on children. (no more than 20 words)

①_______________________ ②_______________________ ③____________________

80. Translate the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 into Chinese.

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单项选择题 案例分析题