问题 问答题

Where one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. (46)This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics.
The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. (47)Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them.
Every parent watches eagerly the child’s acquisition of each new skill — the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. (48)It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early; a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. (49)On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.
Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples.
Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters; others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. (50)In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child’s own happiness and well-being.

答案

参考答案:事实上,这一原则就是对孩子成长困难进行心理治疗的基础,也是儿童诊所进行治疗的基础。

解析:[要点] 谓语动词的翻译
[句法] 简单句。主语为This principle,and连接并列谓语underlies和is。
[词法] underlies从构词法上可以得知意思为“位于…之下”,在此取引申义“构成…的基础”。
[点拨] 插入语in fact翻译时可提前。

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                           杂 言
                        ——关于著作的
作品遭人毁骂,我们常能置之不理,说人家误解了我们或根本不了解我们,作品有人赞美,我们无不欣然引为知音。但是赞美很可能跟毁骂一样的盲目,而且往往对作家的心理更坏,因为赞美是无形中的贿赂,没有白受的道理,我们要保持这不该受的赞美,要常博得这些人的虽不中肯而颇中听的赞美,便不知不觉中迁就迎合,逐渐损失于思想和创作的主动权。有自尊心的人应当对不虞之誉跟求全之毁同样不屑理会——不过人的虚荣心总胜于他的骄傲。
在斯宾诺沙(Spinoza)的哲学里“心”跟“物”是分得清清楚楚的;他给“物”的定义是:只有面积体积而绝无思想。许多言之有物的伟大读物都证明了这个定义的正确。任何大作家的作品,绝不能每一部都好,总有优劣不齐。这当然是句老生常淡,但好像一切老生常谈无人把它挂在心上。我们为某一部作品写得好因而爱好他的作品,这是人之常情。不过爱上了作者以后,我们每每对它起了偏袒,推爱于他的全部作品,一股脑儿都认为是《圣经》宝典。催眠得自己丧失了辨别力,甚至不许旁人有选择权。对莎士比亚的bardolatry就是个例。这可以算“专家”的职业病,仿佛画师的肚子痛和女佣的膝盖肿胀;专门研究某一家作品或某一时期作品的人,常有这种不分皂白的溺爱。专家有从一而终的贞节,死心塌地的忠实,更如卑士麦所谓,崇拜和倾倒的肌肉特别发达,但是他们说不上文艺鉴赏,正像沙龙的女主人爱好的是艺术家,不是艺术,或影剧迷看中了明星,并非对剧艺真有兴趣。
“文如其人”这句话靠不住。许多人做起文来______尤其是政府或硬性的学术文字______一定要装点些文艺辞藻,扭捏出文艺姿态,说不尽的搔首弄姿。他们以为这样才算是“文”。“文如其女人”似乎更确切些;只希望女人千万别像这种文章。
                         (钱钟书《观察》周刊第四卷第二期一九四八年三月六日)

作者为什么对“不虞之誉”疾恶如仇:

A.丧失了创造性

B.缺乏智慧

C.求全责备

D.亦步亦趋