问题 单项选择题

阅读下面短文,回答下 * * 道题。
汉字究竟起源于何时呢我认为,这可以以西安半坡村遗址距今的年代为指标。半坡遗址的年代,距今有6000年左右。我认为,这也就是汉字发展的历史。
半坡遗址是新石器时代仰韶文化的典型,以红质黑纹的彩陶为其特征。其后的龙山文化,则以薄质坚硬的黑陶为其特征。值得注意的是:半坡彩陶上每每有一些类似文字的简单刻画,和器物上的花纹判然不同。黑陶上也有这种刻画、但为数不多。该画的意义至今虽尚未阐明,但无疑是具有文字性质的符号,如花押或者族徽之类。我国后来的器物上,无论是陶器、铜器或者其他成品,有“物勒工名”的传统,特别是殷代的青铜上有一些表示族徽的刻画文字,和这些符号极为相类似。由后以例前,也就如由黄河下游以溯源于星宿海,彩陶上的那些刻画符号,可以肯定地说就是中国文字的起源,或者中国原始文字的孑遗。
同样值得注意的,是彩陶上的花纹。结构虽然简单,而笔触颇为精巧,具有引人的魅力。其中有些绘画,如人形、人面形、人着长衫形、鱼形、首形、鸟形、草木形、轮形(或以为太阳)等等,画得颇为得心应手,看来显然在使用柔软形的笔了。有人以为这些绘画是当时的象形文字,其说不可靠。当时是应该有象形文字的,但这些图形,就其部位而言,确是花纹,而不是文字。
在陶器上既有类似文字的刻画,又有使用着颜料和柔软形的笔所绘画的花纹,不可能否认在别的质地上,如竹木之类,已经在用笔来书写初步的文字:只是这种质地是容易毁灭的,在今天很难有实物保留下来。如果在某种情况之下,幸运的还有万一的保留,那就有待于考古工作的进一步发掘和幸运地发现了。
总之,在我看来,彩陶和黑陶上的刻画符号应该是汉字的原始阶段。创造它们的是劳动人民,形式是草率急就的。
(节选自郭沫若《古代文字之辩证的发展》)

第二自然段中加点的“由后以例前”的意思是( )。

A.根据以前的来类推后来的

B.由后来的规范以前的

C.由以前的来规范后来的

D.根据后来的来类推以前的

答案

参考答案:D

解析: 从后来器物“物勒工名”的传统推断,半坡彩陶上的刻画符号就是中国文字的起源。由此可知,“由后以例前”的“例”应该是“类推”,因此D项符合要求。A、C两项“前”“后”颠倒了,显然不符合要求;B项“规范”与后面解说不一致,在全句中也讲不通。

单项选择题
填空题

A Great Friendship


Thomas Jefferson and James Madison met in 1776. Could it have been any other year They worked together starting then to further American Revolution and later to shape the new scheme of government. From the work sprang a friendship perhaps incomparable in intimacy and the trustfulness of collaboration and induration. It lasted 50 years. It included pleasure and utility but (1) and above them, there were shared purpose, a common end (2) an enduring goodness on both sides. Four and a half months (3) he died, when he was ailing, debt-ridden, and worried about his impoverished (4) , Jefferson wrote to his longtime friend. His words and Madison’s reply remind us (5) friends are friends until death. They also remind us that (6) a friendship has a bearing on things larger than the (7) itself, for has there ever been a friendship of (8) public consequence than this one
"The friendship which has subsisted (9) us now half a century, the harmony of our political (10) and pursuits have been sources of constant happiness to me through (11) long period. It’s also been a great solace to me to believe that you’re (12) in vindicating to posterity the course that we’ve pursued for preserving to them, (13) all their purity, their blessings of self-government, (14) we had assisted in acquiring for them. If ever the earth has beheld a (15) of administration conducted with a single and steadfast eye to the general (16) and happiness of those committed to it, one (17) , protected by truth, can never known reproach, it is that to which our (18) have been devoted. To myself you have been a pillar of (19) throughout life. Take care of me when dead and be assured that I (20) leave with you my last affections." A week later Madison replied—"You cannot look back to the long period of our private friendship and political harmony with more affecting recollections than I do. If they are a source of pleasure to you, what aren’t they not to be to me We cannot be deprived of the happy consciousness of the pure devotion to the public good with which we discharge the trust committed to us and I indulge a confidence that sufficient evidence will find in its way to another generation to ensure, after we are gone, whatever of justice may be withheld whilst we are here.\