问题 简答题

(15分)

材料一 宋开国时,设官分职,尚有定数,其后荐辟之广,恩荫之滥,杂流之猥,祠禄之多,日增月益,遂至不可纪极。真宗咸平四年(1001年),有司言:减天下冗吏十九万五千余人。所减者如此,未减者可知也。

——[清]赵翼《廿二史札记》

材料二 今则西戎以叛,屡丧边兵;北虏愈强,且增岁币。国用殚竭,民力空虚,徭役日烦,率敛日重。官吏猥滥,不思澄汰;人民疾苦,未尝省察。百姓无告,朝廷不与为主,不使叛而为寇,复何为哉?……

——枢密副使富弼的上疏

材料三 

对于庆历新政的失败,从古到今,学术界有不同的看法。

南宋人叶适认为范仲淹实施“明黜陟”(即严明官吏升降制度)“抑侥幸”(即限制侥幸作官和升官的途径)这两项失之“太猛”,以致激起“庸人”的反对;如果范仲淹改革,“先国家之常行,后庸人之重害”“势必民渐”,也许能够成功。

《宋史·范仲淹传》认为:“仲淹以天下为己任,裁削幸滥,考覆官吏,日夜谋虑兴致太平。然更张无渐,规模扩大。论者以为不可行。”所以导致新政失败。

现代史学家邓广铭认为由于范仲淹等人在推行新政过程中,几乎可以说是同心协力,和衷共济,有时还互相推崇,招致朋党之讥。本就对范仲淹等人有戒心的宋仁宗,最终下决心将范仲淹等人逐出朝廷。“所以,导致庆历新政失败的原因之一,也在于他抵触了宋朝的家法”。这里的家法指朝廷对朋党的防范。

请回答:

(1)请根据材料一、二并结合所学知识,概括庆历新政的背景。(9分)

(2)结合材料三观点及所学知识,分析庆历新政失败的原因。(6分)

答案

(1)背景:官僚冗滥,吏治腐败;财政紧张,百姓负担沉重;少数民族威胁,社会矛盾尖锐。(9分)

(2)原因:改革措施过于激进;触及官僚地主既得利益;最高统治者反对。(6分)

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     As is known, healthy foods can help save your life. Now, here is a list of healthy foods that can save your

memory. It is best that every person knows what he eats, as he takes in, can make or break himself, in terms

of health.

     Fish is helpful in regaining back the kind of memory that a person once has. Eating fish can help you save

the trouble of forgetfulness. Vegetables rich in fiber and other dark and green leafy kinds are very suitable for

people who want to avoid mental blocks. These foods contain high units of vitamin E.

     Another food that is considered having different effects on preventing this brain deficiency (缺陷) is

avocado (鳄梨), which is also rich in vitamins E and C. It is really good to know these healthy foods that can

save your memory are always at hand so as to help you in your fight against diseases. Sunflower seeds are

regarded as Vitamin C-powered seeds and also give you enough energy.

     As for red wine, do not over consume it, as it is said to have to be taken in moderate amounts in order to

help the body. Over-drinking can cause illness and like anything else. This is considered as one of the healthy

foods that can save your memory; alcohol can otherwise lose it.

     It is better to consume colored bread, rice and whole grains for you to get the best out of fiber. These

foods can lower the body's risk of being infected with Alzheimer's disease (老年痴呆病).

     Knowing the healthy foods that can save your memory is living the life that you have longed and desired.

Among the others, the best, of course, is exercise. Taking in different kind of exercises, physical activities

or sports can keep both your body and mind healthy.

1. If you suffer from loss of memory, you _____.

A. should eat cucumbers and cabbages

B. can drink as much wine as possible

C. had better take in fish in your meals

D. may as well take more vitamin C

2. To prevent mental disease from happening, _____.

A. people are advised to take avocados

B. it is best to eat vegetables high in fiber

C. it is better to have more sunflower seeds

D. red wine is the first and best choice

3. Which of the following is the most important for health?

A. Drinking a proper amount of red wine every day.

B. Eating bread made of whole grains.

C. Adding Vitamin C-powered seeds to meals.

D. Taking moderate exercise every day.

4. How many means for health does the author mention in the passage?

A. Six.

B. Seven.

C. Eight.

D. Nine.

5. Which of the following is most suitable for the passage? (① = Para.l ②= Para.2③ = Para.3④ = Para.4

    ⑤= Para. 5⑥ = Para. 6)

A.  B.  C.  D.

单项选择题