问题 单项选择题

美国时代生活公司1990年出版的《人类文明史图鉴》一书显示,史学家不可能只是超然物外的旁观者。就拿鸦片战争来说,作者谈到英国东印度公司对华贸易难以展开时写道:“在马戛尔尼大使扩大英国与中国贸易行动失败的情况下,该公司只好自己想办法来维持贸易平衡。但东印度公司能用什么商品来打开中国市场呢答案就是鸦片。”
看来其中的因果关系是很明显的:因为英方一系列要求(增加通商口岸、减低税率、设立租界等)未获应允,东印度公司才不得已求助于鸦片。
其实,即使清政府当初一切照英方的安排行事,不法鸦片贸易仍无法避免。第一次鸦片战争后,英方的要求悉数满足,鸦片交易还是不能禁绝,这是最能说明问题的例证。而且,《人类文明史图鉴》一书并不讳言:清朝政府早在1729年就颁布了禁烟诏令,嘉庆皇帝一即位(1796年)就下令再次禁烟,但在“十八世纪末,每年仍有大约一千二百箱的鸦片运销中国,其中大部分来自孟加拉,东印度公司垄断了那里的鸦片生产。”
“十八世纪末”这一表达方式比较模糊。实际上,在马戛尔尼出使中国(1793年)之前,鸦片走私已很猖獗。十八世纪七十年代初,东印度公司因经营不善而岌岌可危。黑斯廷斯在1774年担任英属印度总督之后就采取了以邻为壑的政策:如果听任印度农民吸食当地盛产的鸦片,财政上当然不无小补,但东印度公司的利益最终将受到损害,即失去健壮的劳动力;在他的坚持下,东印度公司垄断的鸦片销往中国,于是偷运“福寿膏”逐渐成为英属印度的支柱产业。尽管这位黑斯廷斯在1785年遭受弹劾,但他的鸦片走私政策却留给东印度公司滚滚不断的财源,直到二十世纪仍有英国史学家对黑斯廷斯当年的“远见”大加赞赏。可以毫不夸张地说,到了十九世纪初,英国在印度的统治是靠中国的银两来维持的。
伯克在弹劾黑斯廷斯时称东印度公司是“有史以来最堕落的公共机构”,其成员系“人类的垃圾、渣滓”。当时鸦片问题尚未浮现在公众的视野之内,伯克即将有所听闻大概也不会就此问罪。至于马戛尔尼,使华前曾任东印度公司的要职,他不知道清廷明令禁止的鸦片贸易一直在进行吗

下面不属于《人类文明史图鉴》一书观点的一项是( )。

A.清朝政府禁烟的诏令并没有收到实际效果
B.历史学家不可能只是历史的旁观者
C.鸦片贸易应该由清朝政府负主要责任
D.东印度公司向中国偷运鸦片是不得已的选择

答案

参考答案:B

解析: B项:由文中第一自然段“史学家不可能只是超然物外的旁观者”可知。故选B。

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Renowned U. S. economist, John Rutledge, who helped frame the fiscal policies of two former U. S. presidents, warned that an abrupt rise in China’ s currency could lead to another Asian financial crisis. The founder of Rutledge Capital told the media that if the yuan rises (1) it would discourage foreign direct investment in China while (2) by market speculators. Currency change is more difficult for investors and (3) .
The Chinese currency has appreciated by (4) since July 2005 when the country allowed the yuan to (5) within a daily band of 0.3 percent. The analysts are expecting the currency to rise (6) by the end of this year. But if the yuan rose 20 to 30 percent, as some U. S. politicians are demanding, it would (7) causing a recession and deflation. Similar advice to allow an abrupt appreciation of a currency led to (8) in 1997, and came very close to destroying (9) . The U. S. economist says that investors want foremost to (10) associated with large fluctuations in currency and inflation. They (11) after evaluating risks to benefits such as (12) . A rising yuan would drive up labor costs for foreign investors and would not (13) .
Earlier reports said that currency speculators had pumped (14) U.S. dollars into China by the end of last year, with another 70 billion U. S. dollars (15) in the first three months of this year. There is no way to (16) of this type of investment and many economists disagree that (17) is so high. Instead of further appreciating its currency, China should make the yuan (18) . If the yuan were more easily converted into foreign currencies it would allow Chinese companies to expand overseas, (19) , and provide management experience and capital that China needs. It would also (20) and reduce speculative money coming into the country.

Renowned U. S. economist, John Rutledge, who helped frame the fiscal policies of two former U. S. presidents, warned that an abrupt rise in China’ s currency could lead to another Asian financial crisis. The founder of Rutledge Capital told the media that if the yuan rises (1) it would discourage foreign direct investment in China while (2) by market speculators. Currency change is more difficult for investors and (3) .
The Chinese currency has appreciated by (4) since July 2005 when the country allowed the yuan to (5) within a daily band of 0.3 percent. The analysts are expecting the currency to rise (6) by the end of this year. But if the yuan rose 20 to 30 percent, as some U. S. politicians are demanding, it would (7) causing a recession and deflation. Similar advice to allow an abrupt appreciation of a currency led to (8) in 1997, and came very close to destroying (9) . The U. S. economist says that investors want foremost to (10) associated with large fluctuations in currency and inflation. They (11) after evaluating risks to benefits such as (12) . A rising yuan would drive up labor costs for foreign investors and would not (13) .
Earlier reports said that currency speculators had pumped (14) U.S. dollars into China by the end of last year, with another 70 billion U. S. dollars (15) in the first three months of this year. There is no way to (16) of this type of investment and many economists disagree that (17) is so high. Instead of further appreciating its currency, China should make the yuan (18) . If the yuan were more easily converted into foreign currencies it would allow Chinese companies to expand overseas, (19) , and provide management experience and capital that China needs. It would also (20) and reduce speculative money coming into the country.