问题 问答题

下面是一组讨论人类历史如何创立的材料: 材料1 “历史是这样创造的:最终的结果总是从许多单个的意志相互冲突中生产出来的,而其中每一个意志,又是由于许多特殊的生活条件,才成为它所成为的那样。这样就有无数互相交错的力量,有无数个力的平行四边形,由此就产生出一个合力,即历史结果,而这个结果又可以看作一个作为整体的、不自觉地和不自主地起着作用的力量的产物。……所以到目前为止的历史总是像一种自然过程一样地进行,而且实质上也是服从于同一运动规律的。” ——摘自《马克思恩格斯选集》第四卷第697页 材料2 “从世界史的观察,我们知道世界历史的进展是一种合理的过程;知道这一历史已经形成了‘世界精神’的合理的必然的路线——这个‘世界精神’的本性永远是同一的,而它在世界存在的各种现象中,显示了它这种单一和同一的本性。……这种本性必然表现它自己为历史的最终结果。” ——摘自《西方哲学著作选读》第447—448页 材料3 “以拿破仑为例。革命时期的法国,以及革命前的法国,原可以产生与拿破仑相反的典型,但也产生了拿破仑。……在法国只有他是主人。伟大是必然的,而他们出现于其中的时代是偶然的;他们之所以几乎总是成为时代的主人,只是因为他们更强大、更古老、他们身上的积聚过程更悠久。” ——摘自尼采《偶像的黄昏》 请回答: (1)材料1所讲的“历史是这样创造的”其中心思想是什么。 (2)材料1同材料2表达的中心思想有何区别。 (3)材料1同材料3表述的中心思想有何区别。

答案

参考答案:

解析:(1)材料1所讲的“历史是这样创造的”其中心思想是:第一,历史的结果是一种“合力”,即许多单个人的意志的相互作用、相互联系和相互制约产生的,而每个人的意志都是他的“生活条件”造成的;第二,历史发展的整体、基本过程和趋势不是依个人的意志为转移的,而是一个服从客观规律的自然历史过程。 (2)材料2的中心思想是;历史是一个不断运动、变化、发展的过程,但这个过程是“世界精神”或“绝对精神”的活动过程。“精神”、“理性”是“世界的主宰”、历史的推动者,历史发展的合理性在于“世界精神”的活动。材料l反对这种观点,它认为人是历史活动的主体,人的意志是生活条件决定的,历史发展在于社会内部的矛盾运动。因此,材料1与材料2是两种对立的历史观。 (3)材料3的中心思想是:像拿破仑这样在法国历史上起了重大影响的历史人物,其产生是偶然的,其作为历史的主人,与当时历史条件是无关的。材料l承认个人的意志对历史起作用,但同时否定任何个人主宰历史的观点。前者是英雄史观,后者是群众史观,二者是根本对立的。

阅读理解

How do successful people think? What drives them? Interviews and investigations show that there are several keys to success that successful people share.

First of all, successful people never blame someone or something outside of themselves for their failure to go ahead. They realize that their future lies in their own hands. They understand that they cannot control things in life, such as nature, the past and other people. But in the meantime, they are well aware that they can control their own thoughts and actions. They take responsibility for their life and regard this as one of the most empowering (给人以权力的)things they can do .Perhaps what most separates successful people from others is that they live life “on purpose”---they are doing what they believe they are put here to do .In their opinion, having a purpose in their life is the most important fact that enables them to become fully functioning people. They hold that when they live their life on purpose ,their main concern is to do the job right .They love what they do ---and it shows people want to do business with them because of their devotion to their jobs.

To live their life on purpose, successful people find a cause they believe in and create a business around it. Besides, they never easily give up. Once they have set up goals in their life, they are willing to do whatever it takes to achieve their goals. Top achievers always keep in mind that they don’t have forever. Rather than seeing it negative or depressing, they use the knowledge to encourage themselves to move on and go after what they want energetically and passionately.

小题1:Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?

A.How do people live their life on purpose?

B.How can people be successful?

C.How do people make plans?

D.How do people do business?小题2:By living life “on purpose ”successful people can ________

A.do a lot of work without using more money.

B.concentrate on their jobs

C.do business with many people easily.

D.share what they have with every one unselfishly.小题3:The pronoun “it” (Line 10.Para.2) refers to _____

A.the main concern of successful people

B.the job that successful people do

C.the devotion with which successful people do their job

D.the business that successful people do with other people.

单项选择题