问题 单项选择题

开发专家系统时,通过描述事实和规则由模式匹配得出结论,这种情况下适用的开发语言是()。

A.面向对象语言

B.函数式语言

C.过程式语言

D.逻辑式语言

答案

参考答案:D

解析:

本题考查的是程序设计语言的基本知识。

程序设计语言是用于编写计算机程序的语言。按照程序设计语言的级别可以分为低级语言和高级语言。低级语言有机器语言和汇编语言,它与特定的机器有关、功效高,但使用繁琐、复杂、易出错。相比而言,高级语言更接近待解决问题的表示方法,具有与具体机器无关、易学、易用、易维护的特点。

面向对象语言的出发点是为了更直接地描述客观世界中存在的事物(对象)以及它们之间的关系。面向对象语言是一类以对象作为基础程序结构单位的程序设计语言,其中对象是基本运算单位,由它的私有数据类型以及对这些数据类型进行处理的操作(即方法)组成。面向对象语言的主要特点有数据抽象、信息隐蔽、信息继承、多态性、动态绑定等。典型的面向对象语言有C++、Java、Smalltalk等。

函数式程序设计的数据结构本质上是表,而函数又可以作为值出现在表中,因此函数式程序的控制结构取决于函数,以及函数的定义和调用。函数式语言主要用于符号数据处理,如微分和积分演算、数理逻辑、游戏推演以及人工智能等其他领域。典型的函数式程序设计语言有LISP等。

过程式语言是面向动作的传统的程序设计语言,即一个计算过程可看做是一系列动作。一个过程式语言程序由一系列的语句组成,每个语句的执行引起若干存储单元中值的改变。过程式语言的特点是通过使用赋值语句改变变量的状态来完成各种任务。典型的过程式语言有Fortran、COBOL、Pascal等。

逻辑式程序设计语言编写程序时不需要描述具体的解题过程,只需要给出一些必要的事实和规则。这些规则是解决问题的方法的规范说明,根据这些事实和规则,计算机利用谓词逻辑,通过演绎推理得到求解问题的执行序列。这种语言主要用在人工智能领域,也应用在自然语言处理、数据库查询、算法描述等方面,尤其适合于作为专家系统的开发工具。典型的逻辑型程序设计语言有Prolog等。

单项选择题
阅读理解

In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity, others say that competition is bad; that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people.

I have taught many children who held the belief that their self – worth relied on how well they performed at tennis and other skills. For them, playing well and winning are often life – and – death affairs. In their single – minded pursuit (追求) of success, the development of many other human qualities is sadly forgotten.

 However, while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed, others take an opposite attitude. In a culture which values only the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players, they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society. Teaching these young people, I often observe in them a desire to fail. They seem to seek failure by not trying to win or achieve success. By not trying, they always have an excuse: “I may have lost, but it doesn’t matter because I really didn’t try.” What is not usually admitted by themselves is the belief that if they had really tried and lost, that would mean a lot. Such a loss would be a measure of their worth. Clearly, this belief is the same as that of the true competitors who try to prove themselves. Both are based on the mistaken belief that one’s self – respect relies on how well one performs in comparison with others. Both are afraid of not being valued. Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve (缓解) can we discover a new meaning in competition.

小题1:What does this passage mainly talk about?

A.Competition helps to set up self – respect.

B.Competition is harmful to personal quality development.

C.Opinions about competition are different among people.

D.Failures are necessary experiences in competition小题2:Why do some people favor competition according to the passage?

A.It improves personal abilities.

B.It builds up a sense of duty.

C.It pushes society forward.

D.It encourages individual efforts.小题3:The underlined phrase “the most vocal” in Paragraph 3 means ___________.

A.those who try their best to win

B.those who value competition most highly

C.those who rely on others most for success

D.those who are against competition most strongly.小题4:Which point of view may the author agree to?

A.Fear of failure should be removed in competition.

B.Competition should be encouraged.

C.Winning should be a life – and – death matter.

D.Every effort should be paid back.