问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下文,完成文后各题。

戏剧的真实

戏剧是描写人生的艺术,真实应是它的第一要素,人们常说,艺术是真善美的统一。真是戏剧的基础,是生命;善是这个生命的意义、价值;美使得这个生命有持久的可以品味的艺术魅力。

戏剧的真实,其基本品质之一是能使观众信以为真。观众明知戏是假的,舞台所演是个虚构的世界,看戏是娱乐,是一种精神游戏,为什么又很乐意在心理上接受戏剧的支配,做“介于信与不信之间的有意识的自欺”呢?原因就在舞台上表现的人生,能使观众产生可以出入于自身经历的种种联想,从而加深对人生的体悟。有了这种联想、体悟,就会获得虽假犹真的审美愉悦。美国剧作家阿瑟•密勒说:“戏剧与任何艺术相比更要求中肯恰当。如果一出戏能令人相信‘事情正是这样的’,那么,即使它缺点很多,仍不失为好戏。”如果一出戏连可信这一关也过不去,观众在看戏过程中不断产生疑问,就难以进入审美状态,有时甚至感到智力受了伤害。这样的戏还谈什么真实呢?

戏剧的真实,必须是动人的,是情感化了的真实。在社会科学中,真实可以用理性来直接表达。但在戏剧中,理性隐藏在情感之中,是靠情感的真实来影响观众的。明代作家源于令(1592~1674)说得好:“剧场假而情真。”这个“情真”,先由艺术家体验到了,他先被自己的体验所激动,才有可能打动观众。而戏剧的情感,是感性状态的理性,总是包含着是非判断的。表现美好的情感或邪恶的情感,都是经过了艺术家理性之光的照耀,是审美化了的东西,不是自然形态的东西。所以看莎士比亚的悲剧,不会染上麦克白的野心、理查三世的残忍、奥赛罗的猜疑。戏剧中的真总是要引人向善的。现代戏剧在对人性的描写上,会超脱于过去的价值判断,其表现方式也不一定黑白分明,有些作品还着力于表现“灰色地带”,仍然不会泯灭是非善恶,泯灭理性精神。那种不包含是非善恶的愉悦,只是一般的消遣性娱乐,成不了高尚的娱乐,不是戏剧真正的审美愉悦。

戏剧的真实,还应当是有力量、有力度的。这种力量,源于戏剧的真实、真情,不是细琐的、卑微的,而是表达了某种“对人类具有普遍意义的旨趣”(黑格尔语),或者如恩格斯说的“具有较大的思想深度和意识到的历史内容”。我们不能要求许多作品都有思想力度、深度,但如果太缺少这类作品,现代戏剧就没有脊梁骨了。

小题1:对文中“戏剧的真实”理解不正确的一项是 (2分)(   )

A.真实是戏剧的基础,是戏剧的生命。所谓真实,其实是让观众信以为真。观众在看戏过程中不断产生疑问,就谈不上什么真实了。

B.戏剧的真实要表现真实的人生,是需要用理性来直接表达的。包含着是非判断,并用来影响观众,让观众加深对人生的体悟。

C.戏剧的真实是要引人向善的,即使它缺点很多,仍不失为好戏。但决不能不分是非善恶。

D.戏剧的真实,应当有感染人的力量、有思想上的力度,对人类具有普遍意义的旨趣。小题2:以下理解不符合原文意思的一项是 (3分)(   )

A.真实是戏剧的重要因素,它在艺术真善美的统一体中应排在第一位。

B.戏剧反映的是艺术家理性的、审美化了的东西,让观众就自身经历而引起联想,使戏剧虽假犹真。

C.品格高尚的娱乐是要引人向善的,其表现形式是情感与理智的结合,不能有细琐的、卑微的内容。

D.现代戏剧的脊梁骨就是指作品的思想力度和深度。

答案

小题3:戏剧观众获得审美愉悦的条件有哪些? (3分)

答: 

 小题1:B

小题2:C

小题3:①戏剧必须真实,能使观众信以为真。

②艺术家的审美情趣、是非善恶的判断能引起观众的共鸣。

③舞台上表现的人生,能使观众产生可以出入于自身经历的种种联想,加深对人生的体悟,就会获得审美愉悦。

小题1:无

小题2:无

小题3:无

单项选择题
单项选择题

It seems that politicians around the world are thinking about the health of their countries. While in China, Chen Zhu has announced his plans for a universal health service and reform across health services. Gordon Brown, the UK Prime Minister, has also announced he is planning to make some changes in our health service.

The crux of Mr. Brown’s proposals is related to giving the NHS ( National Health Service) a greater focus on prevention, rather than just curing patients.

He is planning to introduce increased screening for common diseases such as heart disease, strokes and cancer, for example, breast cancer. In Britain there are 200,000 deaths a year from heart attacks and strokes, many of which might have been avoided if the condition had been known about.

Initially, the diagnostic (诊断的) tests will be available for those who are vulnerable, or most likely to have the disease. One example is a plan to offer all men over 65 an ultrasound test to check for problems with the main artery (动脉), a condition which kills 3,00Omen a year. The opposition have criticized Mr. Brown’s proposals, saying that they are just a trick, and claiming that there is no proper timetable for the changes. They also say that Mr. Brown is reducing the money available for the treatment of certain conditions while putting more money towards testing for them.

The NHS was founded in 1948, and is paid for by taxation. The idea is that the rich pay more towards the health service than the poor. However, in recent years there has been a great increase in the use of private health care, and it’s much quicker. The NHS waiting lists for operations can be very long, so many people who can afford it choose to pay for medical care themselves.

According to the passage, the purpose of the health reform plan in the UK is to().

A.encourage more private health care

B.focus on the prevention rather than on curing the patient

C.deal with the main artery problems

D.fight against the opposition in the UK