问题 材料题

社会制度创新是推动人类文明进步的重要举措。阅读下列材料,回答问题。

材料一 下图是中国古代一项重要的政治制度的结构图

材料二 第3表债权人可将无力偿还的债务人,交付法庭判决,直到将其戴上足枷、手铐,甚至杀死或卖之为奴。第5表死者的财产需按其遗嘱进行处理。第8表凡故意伤人肢体而又未能取得调节时,则伤人者也需受到同样的伤害。不过,如有人打断自由人的骨头,他需偿付300阿司罚金;如被打折骨头的是奴隶,罚金可以减半。

材料三 1787年宪法规定了横向的立法、行政、司法三个机关之间的权力的分立和纵向的联邦与州之间的权力的分立。……政府结构使权力为公众福利和正义的目的有效行使其管理职能,同时又保持对权力的优良控制,实现公共权力与公民权利的平衡,管理与控权的动态平衡,这是分权和制约的归宿。华盛顿说:“行使政治权时,必须把权力分开并分配给各个不同的受托人以便互相制约,并指定受托人为公众福利的保护人以防他人侵犯。这种相互制约的必要性早已在古代的和现代的试验中显示出来。” —范亚峰《华盛顿的宪政思想》

材料四 孙中山是中国近代政治文明—共和制的重要催生人。他的学说是“内审中国之情势,外察世界之潮流,兼收众长,益以创新”。

—《中华文明史》第4卷

(1)材料一所示的是中国古代哪一项重要的政治制度?其确立并完善于哪一历史时期?对这一制度你有何评价?

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(2)材料二的内容出自哪部法律的规定?透过材料所示内容并结合你所学过的相关知识,谈谈你对这部法律的看法。

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(3)材料三体现了什么原则?根据材料并结合所学知识说明其积极作用。

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(4)材料四中孙中山的学说体理了怎样的特点?试举一例予以证明。结合所学知识,你如何理解孙中山是中国“共和制的重要催生人”?

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(5)以上材料对于今天中国推进政治文明建设有何启示?

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答案

(1)三省六部制;隋唐时期。三省之间既相互牵制、又互为补充。避免或减少决策失误。提高行政效率;相权被分割,避免权臣独揽大权;加强了皇权;三省六部制的确立和完备是中国官制史上的重大变革。此后,历朝基本上沿袭这种制度。

(2)《十二铜表法》。看法:它是罗马成文法诞生的标志,是罗马的基本法。它限制贵族的特权,打破了他们随心所欲地解释法律的状况,在一定程度上保护了平民的利益。但平民并不能真正享有与贵族平等的权利。

(3)原则:“分权与制衡”。作用:通过分权,以权力制约权力,防止权力的滥用和腐败(或防止出现专制);实现公共权力与公民权利的平衡、管理与控权的动态平衡;保障民众利益。

(4)①特点:将西方的三权分立学说与中国国情相结合。举例:孙中山的五权宪法思想或民生主义(即社会革命思想)。②理解:创建同盟会,提出三民主义;领导辛亥革命、推翻封建尉主专制制度,成立中华民国;颁布《临时约法》,维护民主共和。

(5)启示:汲取古今之精华,兼收中西之优长、结合国情并与时俱进地加以创新;发扬社会主义民主,加强社会主义法制建设等。

问答题 简答题
阅读理解

As we know, the earth's climate has changed over time.The present rate of climate change depends, in large part, on human activities.Today, people all over the world are making everyday choices that help the environment.Small actions matter.In other words, climate change is your business.

A woman in Nicaragua buys fluorescent (荧光的) light bulbs that are 80 percent more energy­saving than traditional ones. Many  governments are now subsidizing energy­saving lights to encourage people  to turn to them.Consumers are discovering that the new­generation bulbs   help them save money in the long run.

Agriculture accounts for about 14 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions (排放) , and transporting the food around adds to the environmental cost.There is a team of young vegetable growers in the United Kingdom who want to encourage kids to start planting their own fruit and vegetables.

A young lawyer wearing business clothes rides her bicycle to work in a large U.S.city.She's been biking to work every day for the past two years and says it's a lot easier than many people think.A recent study shows that more Americans bike or walk to work today than before.

A university student from southeastern China carries a reusable shopping bag to cut back on disposable (一次性的) plastics.Some large shopkeepers have removed paper and plastic bags, and consumers are responding.

In Canberra, Australia, summers are hot and winters cold.To save electricity, Adam Wilson in Canberra uses an energy­saving heating system, and he keeps the temperature lower than he did in years past.He still makes it through the summer without air conditioning.

小题1:The passage mainly tells us that________.

A.climate change is concerned with everyone

B.the global warming is getting worse

C.saving energy is of great necessity

D.human is to destroy the environment小题2:The underlined word “subsidizing” in Paragraph 2 probably means “________”.

A.charging

B.producing

C.giving allowance to

D.taking advantage of小题3:According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?

A.The governments don't expect consumers to use the new­generation bulbs.

B.Agriculture should be responsible for part of the global gas emissions.

C.Many people in Nicaragua go to work on foot or by bike.

D.University students from China always carry disposable shopping bags.小题4:We can learn from the last paragraph that________.

A.the climate in Canberra is mild all the year round

B.an energy­saving heating system will come into use

C.Adam Wilson has a good habit of saving energy

D.Adam Wilson is skilled in inventing the energy­saving equipment