问题 问答题

结合实际论述艺术鉴赏的基本过程和审美效应。

答案

参考答案:(1) 基本过程:①直觉与感知。艺术直觉是指人们在审美活动中对于审美对象具有一种不假思索而即刻把握与领悟的能力。审美感知是指人们在注意审美对象形式特点的同时,也已开始关注审美对象的意义。鉴赏活动往往是在直觉与感知的心理基础上开始的,它将使鉴赏者完成对作品形式美的注意及其意义的初步感受。
②体验与想像。在鉴赏过程中,主体以自身审美经验为基础,潜入作品情境之中进行审美体验,不断推进与作品中所包含情感的交流与融合;同时由于审美想像和联想的展开,鉴赏者可以与作品或艺术家进行对话,洞察其深层意蕴,并逐渐生成审美愉悦。
③理解与创造。理解既包括对于作品的形象、情境、形式、语言的审美认知,也包括对于作品整体价值的追寻。艺术鉴赏的结果是接受者再创造的完成。鉴赏者对于作品中形象、情境、典型和意境的补充与完善,正是审美再创造的结晶。
(2) 审美效应:①共鸣。共鸣是指在鉴赏过程中,鉴赏者为作品中的思想情感、理想愿望及人物命运所打动,从而形成的一种强烈的心灵感应状态。而不同时代、阶级、民族的鉴赏者,在鉴赏同一部艺术作品时可能会产生相同或相近的审美感受,也可以称作共鸣。
②净化。净化是指接受者通过对于艺术作品的鉴赏和共鸣的产生,使情感得到陶冶、精神得到调节、人格得到提升的状态。
③领悟。领悟是指接受者在鉴赏艺术作品时,对于世界奥秘的洞悉、人生真谛的彻悟以及精神境界的升华,这是一种更高层次的审美效应。

单项选择题
阅读理解

Until the 1980s, the American homeless population is mainly made up of older males. Today, homelessness strikes much younger part of society. In fact, a 25-city survey by the U. S. Conference of Mayors in 1987 found that families with children make up the fastest growing part of the homeless population. Many homeless children gather in inner cities; this transient(变化无常的) and frequently frightened student population creates additional problems — both legal and educational — for already overburdened urban school administrators and teachers.

Estimates of the number of homeless Americans range from 350,000 to three million. Likewise, estimates of the number of homeless school children vary radically. A U.S. Department of Education report, based on state estimates, states that there are 220,000 homeless school-age children, about a third of whom do not attend school on a regular basis. But the National Coalition for the Homeless estimates that there are at least two times as many homeless children, and that less than half of them attend school regularly.

One part of the homeless population that is particularly difficult to count consists of the “throwaway” youths who have been cast of their homes. The Elementary School Center in New York City estimates that there are 1.5 million of them, many of whom are not treated as children because they do not stay in family shelters and tend to live by themselves on the streets.

Federal law, the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act of 1987, includes a section that addresses the educational needs of homeless children. The educational provisions(规定) of the McKinney Act are based on the belief that all homeless children have the right to a free, appropriate education.

小题1:It is implied in the first paragraph that ____.

A.the writer himself is homeless, even in his eighties

B.many older homeless residents are going on strike in 25 cities

C.there is a serious shortage of academic facilities

D.homeless children are denied the opportunity of receiving free education小题2:The National Coalition for the homeless believes that the number of homeless children is _____.

A.350,000

B.1,500,000

C.440,000

D.110,000小题3:One part of the homeless population is difficult to estimate. The reason might well be ____.

A.the homeless children are too young to be treated as children

B.the homeless population is growing rapidly

C.the homeless children usually stay outside school

D.some homeless children are deserted by their families小题4:The McKinney Act is mentioned in this passage in order to show that ___.

A.the educational problems of homeless children are being recognized

B.the estimates on homeless children are hard to determine

C.the address of grade-school children should be located

D.all homeless people should have free education