问题 问答题

被告人是马车夫,是从1895年起受雇于经营马车出租业的雇主。在受雇期间,被告人驾驭双辔马车,而其中一匹马为绕缰之马,时时用尾巴绕缰绳,并用力压低缰绳,被告人与雇主对该马的缺点都清楚。1896年7月19日,被告人正驾驭马车之际,该马在某街头突然用尾巴绕缰绳并用力下压,被告人虽然想拉缰绳制御该马,但不奏效,马向前飞跑,致行人受伤。检察官以过失伤害罪提起公诉,但原判法院宣告无罪,检察官不服,提出上诉,案件移至德国帝国法院。该法院驳回上诉,理由是,要肯定基于违反义务的过失责任,不能仅凭被告人曾认识到“驾驭有恶癖之马可能伤害行人”,还要以被告人当时是否能基于该认识而向雇主提出拒绝使用此马。但我们不能期待被告人不顾自己的职业损失、违反雇主的命令而拒绝使用此马,因此,被告人不负过失责任。 [答题要求] 1.运用所掌握的刑法学知识论述本案中所包含的法理; 2.要点充分,逻辑严密,语言流畅,表述准确。

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解析:上述案例中,法官在判决时所用到的理论即为期待可能性理论。所谓期待可能性,是指根据具体情况,有可能期待行为人不实施违法行为而实施其他适法行为。期待可能性的理论认为,如果不能期待行为人实施其他适法行为,就不能对其进行法的非难,因而不存在刑法上的责任。期待可能性不仅存在着有无的问题(是否排除责任),而且还存在程度问题(是否减轻责任)。 刑法不能强人所难。具体到上述案例来说,我们不可能期待被告人不顾自己的职业损失、违反雇主的命令而拒绝使用此马,因此,被告人不负过失责任。需要注意的是,刑法条文大多将缺乏期待可能性的行为排除在犯罪之外。例如,依照《刑法》第207条第2款的规定,只有“帮助当事人毁灭、伪造证据,情节严重的”,才成立犯罪。立法者之所以将当事人毁灭、伪造证据的行为排除在犯罪之外,即是考虑到了犯罪发生后,当事人不实施毁灭、伪造证据的行为是根本不可能的。再者,期待可能性的概念比较模糊,其要件与界限并不明确,如果将其作为一般性的责任阻却事由,会导致法的不安定性。因此,只是在极为稀有的案件中才以缺乏期待可能性为由,排除犯罪的成立。 在期待可能性的判断标准上,理论界存在争议。大致有以下学说:行为人标准说、平均人标准说、法规范标准说或国家标准说。上述三种学说只是把握了期待可能性判断标准的部分侧面,并无重要意义。就行为人身体的、心理的条件等能力而言,必须以具体的行为人为基准,而不可能以一般人为基准,但这并不意味着,以“因为是这个行为人所以没办法”为由而排除责任。“平均人”也不意味着统计学意义上的平均人,而是在何种程度上可以期待适法行为的意义上而言的,纯粹是规范的概念。在期待一方与被期待一方存在紧张关系时,如何判断就是规范问题。总之,要在考虑行为人能力的前提下,判断能否期待行为当时的行为人通过发挥其能力而不实施违法行为。

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     This is the time of year when we think about giving and receiving presents. Can you find a little extra

to give? On this page we suggest a few organizations you might like to help.

                                                                         Children's Home

     We DON T want your money, but children's toys, books, and clothes IN COOD CONDIT10N

would be very welcome.

     Also, we are looking for friendly families who would take our children into their homes for a few

hours or days as guests. You have so much-will you share it?

     Phone Sister Thomas on 55671.

                                                                  Children's Hospice

     We look after a small number of very sick children. This important work needs skill and love. We

cannot continue without gifts or money to pay for more nursing staff. We also need storybooks and

toys suitable for quiet games.

     Please contact the Secretary. Little Children's

     Hospice, Newby Road.

                                                                 Street Food

     In the winter weather, it's no fun being homeless. It's even worse if you're hungry. We give hot food

to at least fifty people every night. It's hard work, but necessary. Can you come and help?  If not, can

you find a little money? We use a very old kitchen, and we need some new sauce pans. Money for new

ones would be most welcome indeed,

    Contact Street Food,c/o Mary's House. Elming Way, Littleton. Phone 27713.

                                                                    Youth Club

    Have you got an unwanted chair? A record player? A pot of paint? Because we can use them!

    We want to get to work on our meeting room!

    Please phone 66231 and we'll be happy to collect anything you can give us.

    Thank you !

                                                             The Night Shelter

     We offer a warm bed for the night to anyone who has nowhere to go. We rent the former

Commercial Hotel on Green Street. Although it is not expensive, we never seem to have quite enough

money. Can you let us have a few pounds? Any amount, however small, will be such a help.

     Send it to us at 15, Green St, Littleton. Please make check payable to The Night Shelter.

1. Reading the passage, you might like to help these organizations while working for        .   

A. homeless and sick children

B. less fortunate members of our society

C. hungry people who have no beds to sleep in

D. friendly members of our society to help others

2. If you like children and you could offer a happy family to a homeless child, you may go to        .   

A. Street Food

B. The Night Shelter

C. Children's Home

D. Children's Hospice

3. We can infer that           .   

A. there are too many social problems in this country

B. people are very poor during the time for giving

C. warm-hearted people like to give away money

D. this passage is taken from a local newspaper

4. If your child has grown up, you may take the child's thing to      

A. Children's Home and Children's Hospice

B. The Night Shelter and Children's Home

C. Children's Hospice and The Night Shelter

D. Street Food and The Night Shelter