问题 问答题

简述合同的法律特征。

答案

参考答案:

解析:(1)合同的概念 合同有广义和狭义之分。广义的合同,是指两个以上的民事主体之间设立、变更或终止民事权利义务关系的双方民事法律行为。包括物权合同、身份合同及债权合同。狭义上的合同仅指债权合同,即两个以上的民事主体之间设立、变更或终止债权债务关系的双方民事法律行为。 (2)合同的特征 ①合同是一种法律事实。民法上,凡能引起民事法律关系发生、变更或消灭的客观事实,都是法律事实。 ②合同属于法律事实中的行为。法律事实依其与人的意志是否有关,分为自然事件和人的行为。行为是指人的有意识的活动。合同是具有行为能力的人在自己意识的支配下的活动,因而属于人的行为。 ③合同属于合法行为。行为依其是否符合法律规定,分为合法行为和非法行为。非法行为和合法行为均能引起民事法律关系的发生。但非法行为引起民事法律关系发生,是基于法律的直接规定,且其法律后果与行为人的意愿相反;而合法行为引起民事法律关系的发生,是出于行为人的意愿。合同是由行为人依照法律的规定进行的行为,其法律后果符合行为人的意愿,因而属于合法行为。 ④合同属于民事法律行为。民法上的合法行为包括:民事法律行为和事实行为。事实行为,是指基于事实的状态或经过发生法律上效力的行为,如先占、埋藏物的发现、遗失物的拾得等。民事法律行为,是依其意思表示的内容发生法律效果的行为。民事法律行为不同于其他民事合法行为之处,在于其是以意思表示为要素的行为。合同是民事主体旨在设立、变更或终止民事权利义务关系的行为,以当事人的意思表示为基础,属于民事法律行为。 ⑤合同是双方或多方的民事法律行为。民事法律行为依其意思表示的多少,分为单方行为、双方行为和多方行为。合同属于双方法律行为,即由两个方向相反的意思表示所构成的民事法律行为,双方当事人处于利害关系相对立的地位。通常双方当事人的意思表示达成一致,即合意,合同即告成立。

阅读理解

Some of Man's closest relatives in the animal kingdom are under serious threat because of human activity, according to a recently published report.

According to the document, almost one in three of all apes and monkeys - that is non-human primate species (灵长类动物) are now considered to be in danger of dying out and disappearing from our planet, if action is not taken soon.

The report, which was produced for the World Conservation Union (WCU), states that 114 of the world's 394 primate species could be lost forever, and the main reason they are threatened is the continuing destruction of forests where most of these animals live. In addition, illegal wildlife trade, climate change and commercial hunting for meat are also pressuring existing primate populations.

What's more, the problem is getting more serious. The number of species on the organization’s Red List - listing those primate species most threatened and in very serious danger of dying out - has increased by 3 to 25 since 2005.

Russell Mittermeier, the chief researcher of the WCU report, said, "You could fit all the surviving members of these 25 species in a single football stadium. So the problem is obviously urgent."

The scientists, who drew up the Red List, believe that the situation is now so bad that if action is not taken immediately, it will result in primate species becoming extinct - something which has not happened in over a century.

The loss of habitat caused by the clearing of forests for wood, farmland and fuel continues to be the main reason for the declining number of primates, according to the report, and the problem was most severe in Asia.

The loss of forest trees is also responsible for approximately 20 percent of all greenhouse gases - more than all the cars, trucks, trains and aeroplanes in the world combined.

Mr. Mittermeier added, "By preserving the world's remaining forests, we save primates and protect other animals while preventing more pollution from entering the atmosphere to warm the climate."

46.What is the main subject of the report discussed in the text?

A.Climate change.         B.Loss of animal habitat.

C.Endangered animals.       D.Animal protection.

47.According to the text, when did an ape or monkey species last die out?

A.In 1908.                B.In 2005.

C.Over a hundred years ago.     D.Almost a hundred years ago.

48.How many animals were on the Red List in 2005?

A.19. B.22. C.25. D.28.

49.The spokesman refers to 'a football stadium' in paragraph 5 to stress that ______.

A.the animals enjoy playing sports

B.there are not many of these animals left

C.these animals should be placed there for protection

D.the report was announced there

50.What is the main cause of the greenhouse gas problem according to the text?

A.Aeroplanes.           B.Road vehicles.   

C.Factory pollution.        D.Loss of trees.

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